We wrong a person as a social being when we deny him minimally adequate opportunities to contribute socially to other people’s survival and wellbeing. We can call this kind of wrong social contribution injustice. In the morally fraught domain of criminal justice, we perpetrate this injustice in many ways, including in our tendency to see people who have committed offences as social threats. One way that we exhibit this tendency in our use of classificatory terms such as ‘murderer’ and ‘rapist’ that essentialise people’s wrongdoing. We also engage in more concrete, material forms of social contribution injustice when we give people criminal records they can never spend, impose punishments that stretch or sever their social bonds, and deny them support when they are trying to reintegrate after punishment. We also do social contribution injustice to the dependents and affiliates of many of the people we punish. Much of this injustice is contingent on our practices, policies, and general attitudes toward offending.

中文翻译：

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不要称人为“强奸犯”：论惩罚的社会贡献不公

当我们剥夺一个人为他人的生存和福祉做出社会贡献的最低限度的机会时，我们就错误地将他视为社会人。我们可以将这种错误的社会贡献称为不公正。在充满道德的刑事司法领域，我们以多种方式实施这种不公正行为，包括我们倾向于将犯罪的人视为社会威胁。我们在使用诸如“凶手”和“强奸犯”等分类术语时表现出这种趋势的一种方式，这些术语将人们的错误行为本质化。当我们向人们提供他们永远无法使用的犯罪记录，施加延长或切断他们的社会纽带的惩罚，并在他们试图在惩罚后重新融入社会时拒绝他们的支持时，我们也参与了更具体的、物质形式的社会贡献不公正。我们还对我们惩罚的许多人的家属和附属机构做出不公正的社会贡献。这种不公正在很大程度上取决于我们对冒犯行为的做法、政策和一般态度。