While factories are usually thought to have disciplined workers, I find that absence rates at a US textile factory in 1883 were fairly high—9% if breaks up to 4 weeks are considered absences. Women’s absence rates were about 50% higher than those of men. While I find only weak support for economic motives, I find strong support for leisure-related motives for absences. Absences were high near weekends and holidays, and for special events, and absences were less likely when it rained. When studying how much people worked, we should not assume that days worked by employees matched days of operation for the employer.

中文翻译：

---

缺少工作：1883年在Pepperell Manufacturing Co.缺勤

通常认为工厂会训练有素的工人，但我发现1883年一家美国纺织工厂的缺勤率相当高，如果休息4周即被视为缺勤，则为​​9％。女性的缺勤率比男性高约50％。虽然我发现对经济动机的支持微弱，但我发现对与休闲相关的休假动机的支持强。周末和节假日以及特殊活动的缺勤率很高，下雨时缺勤的可能性也较小。在研究多少人工作时，我们不应该假定员工的工作天数与雇主的工作天数相匹配。