John Dewey’s belief in democratic deliberation rested on a “faith in the capacity of human beings for intelligent judgment and action if proper conditions are furnished” (Later Works 227). The stipulation of “proper conditions” is an essential feature, then, of participatory democracy, and Dewey spent considerable time concerned with these conditions, especially in The Public and Its Problems. This essay argues that the structures and ecologies within which we live make certain kinds of argumentation possible or likely, and that when we alter those structures we alter the possibilities for argumentation. Democratic forms of argumentation are made possible by structures that promote collaborative communication practices. This means that practical, public argument is not just a matter of making valid claims, but also a matter of effective contexts that can improve the quality of argumentation.

中文翻译：

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修辞结构、协商生态和民主辩论的条件

约翰·杜威 (John Dewey) 对民主协商的信念基于“相信在提供适当条件的情况下，人类有能力做出明智的判断和行动”（Later Works 227）。因此，“适当条件”的规定是参与式民主的一个基本特征，杜威花了大量时间关注这些条件，尤其是在《公众及其问题》中。本文认为，我们生活的结构和生态使某些类型的论证成为可能或可能，而当我们改变这些结构时，我们也就改变了论证的可能性。促进协作交流实践的结构使民主形式的论证成为可能。这意味着实际的、公开的争论不仅仅是提出有效主张的问题，