Some have suggested that images can be arguments. Images can certainly bolster the acceptability of individual premises. We worry, though, that the static nature of images prevents them from ever playing a genuinely argumentative role. To show this, we call attention to a dilemma. The conclusion of a visual argument will either be explicit or implicit. If a visual argument includes its (explicit) conclusion, then that conclusion must be demarcated from the premise(s) or otherwise the argument will beg the question. If a visual argument does not include its (implicit) conclusion, then the premises on display must license that specific conclusion and not its opposite, in accordance with some demonstrable rationale. We show how major examples from the literature fail to escape this dilemma. Drawing inspiration from the graphical logic of C. S. Peirce, we suggest instead that images can be manipulated (erased, dragged, copied, etc.) in a way that overcomes the dilemma. Diagrammatic reasoning can take one stepwise from an initial visual layout to a conclusion—thereby providing a principled rationale that bars opposite conclusions—and the visual inscription of this correct conclusion can come afterward in time—thereby distinguishing the conclusion from the premises. Even though this practical application of Peirce’s logical ideas to informal contexts requires that one make adjustments, we believe it points to a dynamic conception of visual argumentation that will prove more fertile in the long run.

中文翻译：

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为什么图像不能是参数，但移动的可能是参数

有些人认为图像可以是参数。图像当然可以增强个人场所的可接受性。然而，我们担心图像的静态性质阻止它们发挥真正的争论作用。为了说明这一点，我们提请注意一个困境。视觉论证的结论将是明确的或隐含的。如果视觉论证包括其（显式）结论，则该结论必须与前提区分开来，否则该论证将回避问题。如果视觉论证不包括其（隐式）结论，则展示的前提必须根据某些可证明的基本原理许可该特定结论而不是其相反的结论。我们展示了文献中的主要例子如何未能摆脱这种困境。从 CS Peirce 的图形逻辑中汲取灵感，相反，我们建议可以以克服困境的方式操作（擦除、拖动、复制等）图像。图解推理可以从最初的视觉布局逐步走向结论——从而提供一个原则性的理由来阻止相反的结论——并且这个正确结论的视觉铭文可以及时出现——从而将结论与前提区分开来。尽管 Peirce 的逻辑思想在非正式环境中的这种实际应用需要人们做出调整，但我们相信它指向了一种动态的视觉论证概念，从长远来看，它将被证明更加丰富。图解推理可以从最初的视觉布局逐步走向结论——从而提供一个原则性的理由来阻止相反的结论——并且这个正确结论的视觉铭文可以及时出现——从而将结论与前提区分开来。尽管 Peirce 的逻辑思想在非正式环境中的这种实际应用需要人们做出调整，但我们相信它指向了一种动态的视觉论证概念，从长远来看，它将被证明更加丰富。图解推理可以从最初的视觉布局逐步走向结论——从而提供一个原则性的理由来阻止相反的结论——并且这个正确结论的视觉铭文可以及时出现——从而将结论与前提区分开来。尽管 Peirce 的逻辑思想在非正式环境中的这种实际应用需要人们做出调整，但我们相信它指向了一种动态的视觉论证概念，从长远来看，它将被证明更加丰富。