Research using single-word paradigms has established that forced language switching incurs processing costs for some bilinguals, yet, less research has addressed this phenomenon at the utterance level or considered real-world applications. The current study examined the impacts of forced language switching on spoken output and stress using a simulated virtual meeting. Twenty Spanish–English heritage bilinguals responded to general work-oriented questions in monolingual English (control) or language-switching (experimental) conditions. Responses were analyzed for mean length of utterance (MLU) and type-token-ratio (TTR). Multilevel modeling revealed an interaction effect of Condition (control vs. experimental) and question order on MLU, such that participants in the experimental condition produced significantly shorter utterances by the end of the task. Participants also had significantly lower lexical variation (TTR) overall in the experimental than the control condition. A 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a significant effect of Condition and an interaction of Task (pre- vs. posttask) and Condition, such that participants in the control condition reported significantly lower stress after the activity. Results demonstrated the impact of a forced switching condition on production at the utterance level. Findings have implications for theory and scenarios in which heritage bilinguals are asked to use multiple languages in the workplace.

中文翻译：

---

成为双语者的“工作”：在现实世界中探索强制语言转换对语言生产和压力水平的影响

使用单词范式的研究已经确定，强制语言切换会导致一些双语者的处理成本，然而，很少有研究在话语层面解决这一现象或考虑到现实世界的应用。目前的研究使用模拟的虚拟会议检查了强制语言转换对口语输出和压力的影响。20 名西班牙-英语传统双语者在单语英语（控制）或语言转换（实验）条件下回答了面向工作的一般问题。分析响应的平均话语长度（MLU）和类型令牌比率（TTR）。多级建模揭示了条件（控制与实验）和问题顺序对 MLU 的交互作用，这样实验条件下的参与者在任务结束时会产生明显更短的话语。与对照条件相比，参与者在实验中的总体词汇变异（TTR）也显着降低。2 × 2 ANOVA 揭示了条件的显着影响以及任务（任务前与任务后）和条件的相互作用，因此控制条件下的参与者在活动后报告的压力显着降低。结果证明了强制切换条件对话语级别的生产的影响。研究结果对要求传统双语者在工作场所使用多种语言的理论和场景具有影响。2 × 2 ANOVA 揭示了条件的显着影响以及任务（任务前与任务后）和条件的相互作用，因此控制条件下的参与者在活动后报告的压力显着降低。结果证明了强制切换条件对话语级别的生产的影响。研究结果对要求传统双语者在工作场所使用多种语言的理论和场景具有影响。2 × 2 ANOVA 揭示了条件的显着影响以及任务（任务前与任务后）和条件的相互作用，因此控制条件下的参与者在活动后报告的压力显着降低。结果证明了强制切换条件对话语级别的生产的影响。研究结果对要求传统双语者在工作场所使用多种语言的理论和场景具有影响。