Alexis de Tocqueville and Robert Putnam are but two of the many admirers of the countless private associations that lie at the core of civil society. This article seeks to advance understanding of the law-like activities of these associations. Residential community associations and sports leagues, for example, make rules and levy fines on members who violate them. The New York Diamond Dealers Club and the Writers Guild of America, like many other associations, have established internal arbitral panels for the resolution of member disputes. Courts are highly likely to defer to the outcomes of these arbitrations. The article’s central positive thesis, hedged with qualifications, is that a private association tends to engage in social control when it is the most cost-effective institution for addressing the issue at hand. This thesis is used to illuminate some otherwise puzzling associational practices, such as the efforts of the National Football League and other professional sports leagues to control players' domestic violence off the field of play.

中文翻译：

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公民社会动手时：私人协会在规则制定和裁决中的作用：表1

亚历克西斯·德·托克维尔（Alexis de Tocqueville）和罗伯特·普特南（Robert Putnam）只是民间社会核心的无数私人协会的众多崇拜者中的两个。本文旨在增进对这些协会类似法律活动的了解。例如，居住社区协会和体育联盟对违反规则的会员制定规则并处以罚款。像许多其他协会一样，纽约钻石交易商俱乐部和美国作家协会也建立了内部仲裁小组来解决会员纠纷。法院极有可能会遵循这些仲裁的结果。这篇文章的主要正面论点是，受制于资格限制，是当私人协会是解决当前问题的最具成本效益的机构时，它倾向于从事社会控制。