Open-charmed mesons are unique tools to study the properties of the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) formed in ultra-relativistic nucleus–nucleus collisions. The nuclear modification factor ([Formula: see text]) and elliptic flow ([Formula: see text]) of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] mesons were measured by the ALICE Collaboration in Pb–Pb collisions at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]TeV. The D-meson [Formula: see text] provides information on the charm-quark interactions with the medium and the charm-quark energy loss. The D-meson elliptic flow at low transverse momentum ([Formula: see text]) gives insight into the participation of charm quarks in the collective expansion of the system and their possible in-medium thermalization. At high [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text] is sensitive to the path-length dependence of parton energy loss. The role of the recombination mechanism is investigated measuring the [Formula: see text]-differential yield ratios between D-meson species with and without strange-quark content. Finally, the coupling of charm quarks to light quarks of the underlying medium is examined applying the Event-Shape Engineering (ESE) technique to the nonstrange D-meson elliptic flow.

中文翻译：

---

在 LHC 与 ALICE 的 Pb-Pb 碰撞中测量 D 介子的产生和流动

开魅介子是研究在超相对论核-核碰撞中形成的夸克-胶子等离子体 (QGP) 特性的独特工具。[公式：见文]、[公式：见文]、[公式：见文]、[公式：见文]的核修正因子（[公式：见文]）和椭圆流（[公式：见文]） text] 介子由 ALICE Collaboration 在 Pb-Pb 碰撞中在 [公式：见文本][公式：见文本]TeV 测量。D 介子 [公式：见正文] 提供有关粲夸克与介质的相互作用和粲夸克能量损失的信息。低横向动量下的 D 介子椭圆流（[公式：见正文]）让我们深入了解粲夸克参与系统的集体膨胀及其可能的介质热化。在高[公式：见正文]，[公式：见文本]对部分能量损失的路径长度依赖性很敏感。研究了重组机制的作用，测量了具有和不具有奇异夸克含量的 D 介子物种之间的差异产率比。最后，将事件形状工程 (ESE) 技术应用于非奇异 D 介子椭圆流，研究了粲夸克与底层介质的轻夸克的耦合。