Immune cell activation leads to the acquisition of new functions, such as proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production. These functional changes require continuous metabolic adaption in order to sustain ATP homeostasis for sufficient host defense. The bioenergetic demands are usually met by the interconnected metabolic pathways glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Apart from glucose, other sources, such as fatty acids and glutamine, are able to fuel the TCA cycle. Rising evidence has shown that cellular metabolism has a direct effect on the regulation of immune cell functions. Thus, quiescent immune cells maintain a basal metabolic state, which shifts to an accelerated metabolic level upon immune cell activation in order to promote key effector functions. This review article summarizes distinct metabolic signatures of key immune cell subsets from quiescence to activation and demonstrates a methodical concept of how to assess cellular metabolic pathways. It further discusses why metabolic functions are of rising interest for translational research and how they can be affected by the underlying pathophysiological condition and/or therapeutic interventions.

中文翻译：

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应激诱导的免疫细胞中代谢底物的利用

免疫细胞激活导致获得新功能，例如增殖、趋化性和细胞因子产生。这些功能变化需要持续的代谢适应，以维持 ATP 稳态，从而实现充分的宿主防御。生物能量需求通常通过相互关联的代谢途径糖酵解、TCA 循环和氧化磷酸化来满足。除了葡萄糖之外，其他来源，例如脂肪酸和谷氨酰胺，也能够为 TCA 循环提供燃料。越来越多的证据表明，细胞代谢对免疫细胞功能的调节有直接影响。因此，静止的免疫细胞维持基础代谢状态，在免疫细胞激活后转变为加速代谢水平，以促进关键效应功能。这篇综述文章总结了关键免疫细胞亚群从静止到激活的独特代谢特征，并展示了如何评估细胞代谢途径的系统概念。它进一步讨论了为什么代谢功能越来越受到转化研究的关注，以及它们如何受到潜在的病理生理状况和/或治疗干预的影响。