Annual grass weeds reduce profits of wheat farmers in the Pacific Northwest. The very-long-chain fatty acid elongase (VLCFA)-inhibiting herbicides S-metolachlor and dimethenamid-P could expand options for control of annual grasses but are not registered in wheat, because of crop injury. We evaluated a safener, fluxofenim, applied to wheat seed for protection of 19 soft white winter wheat varieties from S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone herbicides; investigated the response of six varieties (UI Sparrow, LWW 15-72223, UI Magic CL+, Brundage 96, UI Castle CL+, and UI Palouse CL+) to incremental doses of fluxofenim; established the fluxofenim dose required to optimally protect the varieties from VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides; and assessed the impact of fluxofenim dose on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in three wheat varieties (UI Sparrow, Brundage 96, and UI Castle CL+). Fluxofenim increased the biomass of four varieties treated with S-metolachlor or dimethenamid-P herbicides and one variety treated with pyroxasulfone. Three varieties showed tolerance to the herbicides regardless of the fluxofenim treatment. Estimated fluxofenim doses resulting in 10% biomass reduction of wheat ranged from 0.55 to 1.23 g ai kg−1 seed. Fluxofenim doses resulting in 90% increased biomass after treatment with S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone ranged from 0.07 to 0.55, 0.09 to 0.73, and 0.30 to 1.03 g ai kg−1 seed, respectively. Fluxofenim at 0.36 g ai kg−1 seed increased GST activity in UI Castle CL+, UI Sparrow, and Brundage 96 by 58%, 30%, and 38%, respectively. These results suggest fluxofenim would not damage wheat seedlings up to three times the rate labeled for sorghum, and fluxofenim protects soft white winter wheat varieties from S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, or pyroxasulfone injury at the herbicide rates evaluated.

中文翻译：

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除草剂安全剂增加杂草管理工具以控制小麦一年生草

一年一度的杂草减少了太平洋西北部小麦种植者的利润。抑制超长链脂肪酸延伸酶 (VLCFA) 的除草剂小号-metolachlor 和 dimethenamid-P 可以扩大控制一年生禾草的选择，但由于作物伤害，未在小麦中登记。我们评估了一种安全剂，fluxofenim，应用于小麦种子以保护 19 个软白冬小麦品种小号-异丙甲草胺、dimethenamid-P 和 pyroxasulfone 除草剂；研究了六种品种（UI Sparrow、LWW 15-72223、UI Magic CL+、Brundage 96、UI Castle CL+ 和 UI Palouse CL+）对通量增加剂量的反应；确定了最佳保护品种免受 VLCFA 抑制性除草剂影响所需的fluxofenim 剂量；并评估了fluxofenim剂量对谷胱甘肽的影响小号-三个小麦品种（UI Sparrow、Brundage 96 和 UI Castle CL+）的转移酶 (GST) 活性。Fluxofenim 增加了 4 个品种的生物量小号-异丙甲草胺或噻吩草胺-P除草剂和一种用吡唑砜处理的品种。无论fluxofenim处理如何，三个品种都表现出对除草剂的耐受性。导致小麦生物量减少 10% 的通量估计剂量为 0.55 至 1.23 g ai kg-1种子。Fluxofenim 剂量导致生物量增加 90%小号-异丙甲草胺、dimethenamid-P 和 pyroxasulfone 的范围为 0.07 至 0.55、0.09 至 0.73 和 0.30 至 1.03 g ai kg-1种子，分别。Fluxofenim at 0.36 g ai kg-1种子在 UI Castle CL+、UI Sparrow 和 Brundage 96 中的 GST 活动分别增加了 58%、30% 和 38%。这些结果表明，fluxofenim 对小麦幼苗的破坏率是高粱标记率的三倍，fluxofenim 保护软白冬小麦品种免受小号-metolachlor、dimethenamid-P 或 pyroxasulfone 在评估的除草剂用量下的伤害。