The growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to 10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid, switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler, Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and ±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880, tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here. Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of the beamforming antenna designers and research community.

中文翻译：

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用于覆盖现代无线通信中预期方向的 5G 波束成形技术：深入回顾

对具有高速和低延迟无线通信的紧凑型便携式天线的日益增长的需求是互联网协议语音、按需带宽和多媒体应用的当前和未来需求。第五代（5G）覆盖了6GHz以下的部分低频段，以及60GHz以下的大部分高频段。5G 是毫米波频谱（30-300 GHz）的一部分，其引入是为了克服由于工业、医疗、机载、雷达、卫星和研究领域的无线应用呈指数级增长而导致的频谱短缺问题。国际电信联盟的无线通信目标承诺为 5G 移动用户提供高达 10 Gbps 的更高数据速率以及与人工智能设备的连接，以及高光谱效率和增强的覆盖范围。5G 的用户分别需要大约 5 Gbps 和 50 Gbps 的数据速率来实现低移动性和高移动性。5G 中的波束成形是使用窄波束宽度辐射模式覆盖预期用户/方向的现代强大技术。本文简要介绍了 5G 波束成形技术，即模拟、数字、混合、切换和自适应等技术及其类型、工作算法、紧凑型天线的设计、增益和基板的尺寸/类型。5G智能天线需要对波束赋形中的混合耦合器、支线耦合器、威尔金森功率分配器和巴特勒矩阵进行研究。使用各种波束成形技术针对预期方向产生不同的波束宽度，例如 ±15、±35、±45 和 ±55° 等。此处讨论了使用 Roger 的 Duroid 4003/4350/5880、构造和氧​​化铝电介质基板从低频段到高频段的波束成形应用。各种波束成形技术及其优点、缺点和应用都包含在论文中，以扩展波束成形天线设计人员和研究界的知识。