Anthropogenic activities can lead to several devastating effects on the environment. The pollutants, which include the discharge of effluents, runoffs in the form of different lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants, can harm exposed fauna and flora. The aquatic environment is the ultimate destination for many pollutants which negatively affect aquatic biodiversity and even can cause a species to become extinct. A pollutant can directly affect the behavior of an animal, disrupt cellular systems, and impair the immune system. This harm can be reduced and even mitigated by adopting proper approaches for the conservation of the target biota. Among aquatic organisms, cetaceans, such as the Yangtze finless porpoise, Irrawaddy dolphin, Ganges River dolphin, Amazon River dolphin, and Indus River dolphin, are at a higher risk of extinction because of lack of knowledge and research, and thus insufficient information with respect to their conservation status, management, and policies. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of mass mortalities of cetaceans. This article reviews the limited research reported on stress and pneumonia induced by pollution, stress-induced pneumonia and immunosuppression, pneumonia-caused mass mortalities of aquatic mammals, and vaccination in wildlife with a specific focus on aquatic mammals, the role of genomics in vaccine development and vaccination, and the major challenges in vaccine development for biodiversity conservation.

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濒临灭绝的水生哺乳动物的肺炎以及开发低覆盖率疫苗以管理和保护它们的必要性

人为活动可能对环境造成若干破坏性影响。污染物，包括以不同致死和亚致死浓度的杀虫剂、重金属和其他污染物的形式排放的污水、径流，会伤害暴露的动植物。水生环境是许多污染物的最终目的地，这些污染物对水生生物多样性产生负面影响，甚至可能导致物种灭绝。污染物会直接影响动物的行为、破坏细胞系统并损害免疫系统。通过采取适当的方法来保护目标生物群，可以减少甚至减轻这种危害。在水生生物中，鲸类，如长江江豚、伊洛瓦底江豚、恒河豚、亚马逊河豚、印度河豚等，由于缺乏知识和研究，因此有关其保护状况、管理和政策的信息不足，濒临灭绝的风险较高。肺炎是鲸类动物大量死亡的主要原因之一。本文回顾了关于污染引起的压力和肺炎、压力引起的肺炎和免疫抑制、肺炎引起的水生哺乳动物大规模死亡以及野生动物疫苗接种的有限研究，特别关注水生哺乳动物、基因组学在疫苗开发中的作用和疫苗接种，以及生物多样性保护疫苗开发的主要挑战。肺炎是鲸类动物大量死亡的主要原因之一。本文回顾了关于污染引起的压力和肺炎、压力引起的肺炎和免疫抑制、肺炎引起的水生哺乳动物大规模死亡以及野生动物疫苗接种的有限研究，特别关注水生哺乳动物、基因组学在疫苗开发中的作用和疫苗接种，以及生物多样性保护疫苗开发的主要挑战。肺炎是鲸类动物大量死亡的主要原因之一。本文回顾了关于污染引起的压力和肺炎、压力引起的肺炎和免疫抑制、肺炎引起的水生哺乳动物大规模死亡以及野生动物疫苗接种的有限研究，特别关注水生哺乳动物、基因组学在疫苗开发中的作用和疫苗接种，以及生物多样性保护疫苗开发的主要挑战。