Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common indications for antimicrobial therapy in beef cattle production and research trials demonstrate that antibiotic therapy greatly improves clinical outcome for BRD. These trials also show that BRD treatment success rates are less than 100% and that there are opportunities to optimize antimicrobial prescribing and improve clinical outcomes if the underlying cause(s) of BRD treatment failures can be identified and addressed. As the etiology of BRD in an individual animal is frequently multi-factorial in nature; it is likely that BRD treatment failures also result from complex interactions between the drug, drug administrator, animal host, pathogens, and the environment. This review will focus specifically on the pharmacological aspects, specifically the interactions between the host and the drug and the drug and the drug administrator, of BRD treatment failures and the actions that veterinary practitioners can take to investigate and mitigate therapeutic failures in future cases.

中文翻译：

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牛呼吸道疾病病例中抗生素失败的药理学考虑

牛呼吸道疾病 (BRD) 是肉牛生产中抗菌治疗最常见的适应症之一，研究试验表明，抗生素治疗极大地改善了 BRD 的临床结果。这些试验还表明，BRD 治疗成功率低于 100%，如果能够确定和解决 BRD 治疗失败的根本原因，就有机会优化抗菌药物处方并改善临床结果。由于个体动物中 BRD 的病因通常是多因素的；BRD 治疗失败也可能是由于药物、药物管理员、动物宿主、病原体和环境之间的复杂相互作用造成的。这篇综述将特别关注药理学方面，