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Action‐Monitoring Alterations as Indicators of Predictive Deficits in Schizophrenia
Topics in Cognitive Science ( IF 3.265 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-05 , DOI: 10.1111/tops.12495
Helena Storchak 1 , Ann-Christine Ehlis 1, 2 , Andreas J Fallgatter 1, 2, 3
Affiliation  

A flexible and dynamically adjustable behavior is crucial to adapt to a continuously changing environment. In order to optimally adapt, we need to learn from the consequences of our behavior. We usually learn through different kinds of prediction errors, which occur when we experience unexpected situations due to false predictions. With this literature review, we intended to contribute to current etiological models that ascribe various positive symptoms (particularly delusions and hallucinations) in patients with schizophrenia to false prediction errors and deficient predictive learning. We discuss alterations in the electrophysiological measure of the error‐related negativity/error negativity (ERN/Ne) as a global deficit and a trait in schizophrenia, as they have been observed in different samples of patients with schizophrenia, in individuals at high‐risk and individuals with subclinical schizotypal traits. As the ERN/Ne can itself be considered the result of predictive processes (evaluation of current action outcomes as worse than expected), we propose that the reported alterations indicate that patients suffering from schizophrenic illnesses fail to adequately classify the outcomes of their actions as better or worse than expected due to a deficit in self‐monitoring. Furthermore, we discuss results in further action‐monitoring components, such as the correct response negativity (CRN)—a smaller negativity elicited by correct responses; and error positivity (Pe)—a later positivity assumed to reflect conscious error processing. The reported results show normal Pe amplitudes and normal post‐error adjustments (adaptations after committed error to improve performance), indicating an intact later and conscious processing. From the results of diminished differences between ERN/Ne and CRN amplitudes, we conclude a general predictive deficit in early aspects of self‐monitoring associated with positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.

中文翻译:

行动监测改变作为精神分裂症预测缺陷的指标

灵活且动态可调的行为对于适应不断变化的环境至关重要。为了最佳地适应,我们需要从我们行为的后果中学习。我们通常通过不同类型的预测错误来学习,这些错误发生在我们由于错误预测而遇到意外情况时。通过这篇文献综述,我们打算为当前的病因模型做出贡献,这些模型将精神分裂症患者的各种阳性症状(特别是妄想和幻觉)归因于错误预测错误和预测学习不足。我们讨论了与错误相关的负性/错误负性 (ERN/Ne) 的电生理测量的改变作为精神分裂症的整体缺陷和特征,因为它们已在精神分裂症患者的不同样本中观察到,在高危个体和具有亚临床分裂型特征的个体中。由于 ERN/Ne 本身可以被认为是预测过程的结果(评估当前的行动结果比预期的要差),我们建议报告的改变表明患有精神分裂症的患者未能将他们的行动结果充分分类为更好或由于自我监控不足而比预期更糟。此外,我们讨论了进一步行动监测组件的结果,例如正确反应负性(CRN)——由正确反应引起的较小的负性;和错误正性 (Pe)——后来的正性假设反映 由于 ERN/Ne 本身可以被认为是预测过程的结果(评估当前的行动结果比预期的要差),我们建议报告的改变表明患有精神分裂症的患者未能将他们的行动结果充分分类为更好或由于自我监控不足而比预期更糟。此外,我们讨论了进一步行动监测组件的结果,例如正确反应负性(CRN)——由正确反应引起的较小的负性;和错误正性 (Pe)——后来的正性假设反映 由于 ERN/Ne 本身可以被认为是预测过程的结果(评估当前的行动结果比预期的要差),我们建议报告的改变表明患有精神分裂症的患者未能将他们的行动结果充分分类为更好或由于自我监控不足而比预期更糟。此外,我们讨论了进一步行动监测组件的结果,例如正确反应负性(CRN)——由正确反应引起的较小的负性;和错误正性 (Pe)——后来的正性假设反映 我们认为,报告的变化表明,由于自我监控的缺陷,患有精神分裂症的患者未能将其行为的结果充分分类为比预期更好或更差。此外,我们讨论了进一步行动监测组件的结果,例如正确反应负性(CRN)——由正确反应引起的较小的负性;和错误正性 (Pe)——后来的正性假设反映 我们认为,报告的变化表明,由于自我监控的缺陷,患有精神分裂症的患者未能将其行为的结果充分分类为比预期更好或更差。此外,我们讨论了进一步行动监测组件的结果,例如正确反应负性(CRN)——由正确反应引起的较小的负性;和错误正性 (Pe)——后来的正性假设反映有意识的错误处理。报告的结果显示正常的 Pe 幅度和正常的错误后调整(在犯错误后进行调整以提高性能),表明后期处理完好无损。根据 ERN/Ne 和 CRN 振幅之间差异减小的结果,我们得出结论,在与精神分裂症患者的阳性症状相关的自我监测的早期方面,普遍存在预测缺陷。
更新日期:2020-03-05
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