ABSTRACT

Objective: The present article undertakes a systematic review of the current state of science for Single-Pilot Operations (SPO) and Reduced-Crew Operations (RCO) in commercial aviation.

Background: SPO/RCO have been investigated with different methods from various disciplines and different organizations to make research progress. The results of federal agencies’, universities’, and EU-projects’ research activities have not been brought together for synthesis yet.

Method: We systematically searched for SPO and RCO as independent and fixed search terms retrieving altogether 75 publications on the topic. Exclusion criteria were general and military aviation.

Results: Establishing an appropriate function allocation to cope with high workload and off-nominal situations could be achieved by applying a variety of methods and the consideration of advanced automation systems. Their application is required to investigate pilot incapacitation and communication issues further. Data-link and certification issues were acknowledged in principle and have not been solved yet.

Conclusion: In sum, experimental studies and modeling techniques of system ergonomics have addressed operational issues very well. Pilot health monitoring systems are less well elaborated than system protection. Future research needs to integrate different research findings and automation technologies. This is necessary to make RCO to a viable and attractive option for commercial development in aviation.

Abbreviations: ACFP: Autonomous Constrained Flight Planner; AOC: Airline Operations Center; ATC: Air Traffic Control; BP: Blood Pressure; CNPC: Control and Non-Payload Communication; ConOps: Concept of Operations; CMS: Crew Monitoring System; CRM: Crew Resource Management; CWA: Cognitive Work Analysis; EACS: Emergency Aircraft Control System; EAS: Emergency Avoidance System; EAST: Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork; ECG: Electrocardiogram; EDA: Electrodermal Activity; EEG: Electroencephalogram; EMG: Electromyogram; EOG: Electrooculogram; ESP: Electronic Stand-by-Pilot; FMS: Flight Management System; fNRIS: functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy; FRF: Flight Reconfiguration Function; GS: Ground Station; HAT: Human-Autonomy Teaming; HR: Heart Rate; HTA: Hierarchical Task Analysis; IATA: International Air Transport Association; MCO: Multi-Crew Operations; NASA-TLX: NASA Task Load Index; OESD: Operational Event Sequence Diagrams; OTDS: On-board Threat Detection System; PF: Pilot Flying; PKI: Public Key Infrastructure; PM: Pilot Monitoring; RCO: Reduced-Crew Operations; RR: Respiratory Rate; SA: Situation Awareness; SART: Situation Awareness Rating Technique; SME: Subject Matter Expert; SNA: Social Network Analysis; SPO: Single-Pilot Operations; SRM: Single-Pilot Resource Management; STAMP: System-Theoretic Accident Modeling and Process; STPA: System-Theoretic Process Analysis; SVM: Support Vector Machine; TARMS: Threat Assessment and Response Management System; UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles; VLJ: Very Light Jets; WDA: Work Domain Analysis

摘要

目的：本文对商用航空中的单驾驶员操作（SPO）和机组人员减少操作（RCO）的科学现状进行了系统的回顾。

背景：SPO / RCO已通过不同学科和组织的不同方法进行了研究，以取得进展。联邦机构，大学和欧盟项目的研究活动的结果尚未汇总在一起。

方法：我们系统搜索SPO和RCO，作为独立和固定的搜索词，共检索了有关该主题的75种出版物。排除标准是通用航空和军用航空。

结果：通过应用各种方法并考虑先进的自动化系统，可以建立适当的功能分配以应对高工作量和异常情况。需要使用它们来进一步调查飞行员的能力不足和沟通问题。原则上已经承认数据链接和认证问题，但尚未解决。

结论：总之，系统工程学的实验研究和建模技术很好地解决了操作问题。飞行员健康监控系统的完善程度不及系统保护。未来的研究需要整合不同的研究结果和自动化技术。这对于使RCO成为航空业商业发展的可行且有吸引力的选择是必要的。

缩略语：ACFP：自主约束飞行计划器；AOC：航空公司运营中心；ATC：空中交通管制；BP：血压；CNPC：控制和非有效载荷通信；概念：操作概念；CMS：船员监控系统；CRM：船员资源管理；CWA：认知工作分析；EACS：紧急飞机控制系统；EAS：紧急回避系统；EAST：系统团队合作的事件分析；心电图：心电图；EDA：皮肤电活动；脑电图：脑电图；EMG：肌电图；EOG：眼电图；ESP：电子待机飞行员；FMS：飞行管理系统；fNRIS：功能近红外光谱；FRF：飞行重新配置功能；GS：地面站；HAT：人类自治团队；HR：心率；HTA：分层任务分析；IATA：国际航空运输协会；MCO：多人员操作；NASA-TLX：NASA任务负荷指数；OESD：操作事件序列图；OTDS：机载威胁检测系统；PF：飞行员飞行；PKI：公钥基础结构；PM：飞行员监控；RCO：机组人员减少；RR：呼吸频率；SA：情境意识；SART：情境意识评级技术；SME：主题专家；SNA：社交网络分析；SPO：单驾驶员操作；SRM：单飞行员资源管理；邮票：系统理论事故建模和过程；STPA：系统理论过程分析；SVM：支持向量机；TARMS：威胁评估和响应管理系统；无人机：无人飞行器；VLJ：非常轻的喷气式飞机；WDA：工作域分析 飞行员监控；RCO：机组人员减少；RR：呼吸频率；SA：情境意识；SART：情境意识评级技术；SME：主题专家；SNA：社交网络分析；SPO：单驾驶员操作；SRM：单飞行员资源管理；邮票：系统理论事故建模和过程；STPA：系统理论过程分析；SVM：支持向量机；TARMS：威胁评估和响应管理系统；无人机：无人飞行器；VLJ：非常轻的喷气式飞机；WDA：工作域分析 飞行员监控；RCO：机组人员减少；RR：呼吸频率；SA：情境意识；SART：情境意识评级技术；SME：主题专家；SNA：社交网络分析；SPO：单驾驶员操作；SRM：单飞行员资源管理；邮票：系统理论事故建模和过程；STPA：系统理论过程分析；SVM：支持向量机；TARMS：威胁评估和响应管理系统；无人机：无人飞行器；VLJ：非常轻的喷气式飞机；WDA：工作域分析 系统理论过程分析；SVM：支持向量机；TARMS：威胁评估和响应管理系统；无人机：无人飞行器；VLJ：非常轻的喷气式飞机；WDA：工作域分析 系统理论过程分析；SVM：支持向量机；TARMS：威胁评估和响应管理系统；无人机：无人飞行器；VLJ：非常轻的喷气式飞机；WDA：工作域分析