The construct White guilt is typically motivated by the recognition of unearned and unfair racial privileges, the acknowledgement of personal racist attitudes or behavior, and/or the sense of responsibility for others’ racist attitudes or behavior. Empirical and conceptual work suggests mixed consequences of White guilt: it may correspond with antiracist attitudes and behavior, but it may also motivate defensiveness and disengagement. We addressed weaknesses in existing psychometric tools used to measure White guilt by synthesizing approaches from the literature on White racial emotions and self-conscious affect, and by attempting to distinguish between White guilt and shame. The results of Study 1 yielded a three-factor structure of White Guilt, Negation, and White Shame, and provided initial support for construct validity. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis provided mixed support for a three-factor structure. In Study 3, our results suggest test-retest reliability over two weeks.

中文翻译：

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白人种族影响量表 (WRAS)：白人内疚、羞耻和否定的衡量标准

白人内疚的构建通常是由承认不劳而获和不公平的种族特权、承认个人种族主义态度或行为，和/或对其他人种族主义态度或行为的责任感所激发的。实证和概念工作表明白人内疚的混合后果：它可能与反种族主义态度和行为相对应，但也可能激发防御和脱离接触。我们通过综合有关白人种族情绪和自我意识影响的文献中的方法，并尝试区分白人内疚和羞耻感，解决了用于衡量白人内疚的现有心理测量工具的弱点。研究 1 的结果产生了白色内疚、否定和白色羞耻的三因素结构，并为结构效度提供了初步支持。在研究 2 中，验证性因素分析为三因素结构提供了混合支持。在研究 3 中，我们的结果表明两周内的重测信度。