SYNOPSIS

Objective. The focus of this study is on changes in the strength of relations among four types of paternal behaviors (supportive presence, respect for autonomy, stimulation, and hostility) from early childhood through middle childhood. Design. Father-child interaction was observed for 718 dyads at four time periods: 54 months (M = 56 months), 1^st grade (M = 7.0 years), 3^rd grade (M = 9.0 years), and 5^th grade (M = 11.0 years) using similar and age-appropriate observational paradigms. Results. The association between paternal supportive presence and respect for autonomy grew stronger with age. Supportive presence showed a moderate relation with stimulation at 54 months; but this association became weaker over time. A similar pattern of weakening association emerged in the relation between respect for autonomy and stimulation. Both supportive presence and respect for autonomy showed a continuing robust negative association with hostility. Finally, the relation between hostility and stimulation became stronger over time. Conclusions. There appears to be an evolving dialectic in the organization of paternal behavior during interactions with offspring, with some relations strengthening and others becoming weaker. Critically, the bonds fathers have with their children in early childhood tend to remain firm through middle childhood, with paternal support less often reflecting itself in directly teaching a child but more often in showing respect for the child’s growing independence.

概要

目标。这项研究的重点是从幼儿期到中期儿童四种父亲行为（支持性存在，对自主权的尊重，刺激和敌对）之间关系强度的变化。设计。观察到718个成对父子相互作用在四个时间段：55个月（中号= 56个月），1^日级（中号= 7.0Hz岁），3^次级（中号= 9.0Hz年），以及5^个等级（中号= 11.0岁）使用相似且适合年龄的观察范式。结果。父亲的支持感与尊重自主权之间的关联随着年龄的增长而增强。支持性存在与54个月的刺激程度呈中等程度的关系。但是随着时间的流逝，这种联系变得越来越弱。在尊重自主权与刺激之间的关系中出现了一种类似的弱化联想模式。支持性存在和对自治的尊重都显示出与敌对持续存在的强烈消极联系。最后，随着时间的流逝，敌意与刺激之间的关系变得更加牢固。结论。与后代的互动中，父亲行为的组织似乎正在演变，其中某些关系得到加强，而另一些则变得更弱。至关重要的是，父亲在幼儿期与子女之间的纽带在整个童年中期之前一直保持牢固，父母的支持很少直接体现在直接教孩子身上，而更多地体现在对孩子成长中的独立性的尊重上。