Two experiments were conducted to examine how cognitive control is modulated by response-contingent reward (Experiment 1) and response-contingent punishment (Experiment 2). The congruency sequence effect (CSE), which is the reduction of the congruency effect after incongruent trials compared to the effect after congruent trials, was analyzed as an index of cognitive control. In both experiments, response speed and accuracy were enhanced by reward or punishment. However, in Experiment 1, the CSE was not evident during anticipation of large reward, whereas a significant CSE was obtained during anticipation of small reward. In contrast, in Experiment 2, the CSE was equivalent regardless of the magnitude of punishment. Moreover, the magnitude of the congruency effect was greater in large punishment than a small one. These results indicate a discrepancy between appetitive and aversive motivations in modulating cognitive control even though both invigorated motor responses. In appetitive motivation, cognitive control is likely to be biased toward a proactive control mode, whereas reactive control is preferable in aversive motivation, where aversiveness also interferes with cognitive processes.

中文翻译：

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寻求奖励和避免惩罚时认知控制受损

进行了两个实验，以检验认知控制如何通过反应性奖赏（实验1）和反应性奖惩（实验2）来调节。分析了一致性序列效应（CSE），即一致性试验后的一致性效应与一致性试验后的效应相比降低了，作为认知控制的指标。在两个实验中，奖励或惩罚都提高了响应速度和准确性。但是，在实验1中，预期大酬劳时CSE不明显，而预期小酬劳时获得了显着的CSE。相反，在实验2中，无论惩罚程度如何，CSE都是相等的。此外，在大刑罚中，全合效应的大小要大于小刑罚。这些结果表明，在调节认知控制中，尽管动机和厌恶动机都能增强运动反应，但两者之间存在差异。在运动动机中，认知控制可能偏向于主动控制模式，而在反感动机中反应性控制更可取，因为反感也会干扰认知过程。