Many parents continue to parent their emerging-adult children, but what becomes developmentally appropriate for such children differs from that of earlier ages. In addition, culture and context shape parenting and in turn child outcomes. Among an adolescent sample, higher-SES youth engage in higher levels of risk behaviors to manage the pressures they face from trying to live up to their parents’ high expectations for achievement compared to low- and middle-SES youth. Researchers have not yet examined the role of SES on emerging adults’ likelihood of engaging in risk behaviors in response to controlling parenting. Therefore, the current study explored the role of SES on the associations among emerging adults’ perceptions of their parents’ parenting behaviors (i.e., behavioral control, psychological control, and helicopter parenting) and change in their own risk behaviors. Undergraduate students (N = 551; M_age = 19.87, SD = 2.00; 60.6% women; 61% European American; 28.6% higher-SES) from four universities throughout the U.S. completed both waves of the study. Participants completed scales on each of their parents’ behavioral control, psychological control, and helicopter parenting, as well as a self-report measure of their own engagement in risk behaviors. Results indicated that maternal and paternal psychological control were associated positively with change in risk behaviors. Additionally, maternal and paternal behavioral control were associated with greater change in risk behaviors for higher-SES, but not lower-SES emerging adults. The findings provide new insights into the role of SES on the differential influence of parental behavioral control, psychological control, and helicopter parenting on change in emerging adults’ risk behaviors.

中文翻译：

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富人如何冒险：育儿和高SES新兴成年人的风险行为

许多父母继续为他们的成年子女做父母，但是在发展上适合这类孩子的与早期年龄有所不同。此外，文化和情境影响父母的养育方式，进而影响孩子的结局。在一个青少年样本中，与中低SES的中青年相比，高SES的青年会采取更高水平的风险行为，以应对他们从试图辜负父母对成就的高期望中面临的压力。研究人员尚未研究SES在新兴成年人应对控制父母的风险行为中的作用。因此，当前的研究探讨了SES在新兴成年人对父母的父母养育行为（即行为控制，心理控制，和直升机育儿）并改变自己的风险行为。未毕业的学生 （N  = 551；中号_时代 = 19.87，SD = 2.00；60.6％的女性; 61％的欧洲裔美国人；来自美国四所大学的SES高出28.6％，完成了这两次研究。参与者完成了其父母的行为控制，心理控制和直升飞机育儿的量表，以及他们对风险行为参与程度的自我报告。结果表明，母亲和父亲的心理控制与危险行为的改变呈正相关。此外，母亲和父亲的行为控制与较高SES的危险行为的较大变化相关，而与较低SES的新兴成人的风险行为没有较大关系。这些发现为SES在父母行为控制，心理控制和直升飞机育儿对新兴成年人风险行为变化的不同影响上的作用提供了新的见解。