ABSTRACT

Through individual-to-group generalisation, information about individual members of stigmatised social groups changes the outgroup judgment. This article reports meta-analytic reviews of over 30 years of experimental, lab-based research on individual-to-group generalisation (107 independent tests; 5393 participants). In a first meta-analysis, a positive, medium-size generalisation effect was detected (r = .28, p < .001), reflecting significant generalisation of outgroup exemplar information to the outgroup judgment. This effect was moderated by the number of exemplars and exemplar typicality, with more moderately atypical exemplars maximising generalisation effects. Several other design parameters—including type of control condition, generalisation measures, mode of information provision, type of target outgroup and origin of study—did not moderate the positive generalisation effect. A second meta-analysis investigated the interplay between metacognitions and generalisation and found assimilation effects with metacognitive triggers encouraging exemplar inclusion, and contrast effects with metacognitive cues encouraging exemplar exclusion. These results demonstrate that the same outgroup exemplar can lead to bias reduction or bias exacerbation, depending on available meta-cognitive cues. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for intergroup psychology, generalisation theory and bias reduction interventions.

摘要

通过个体到群体的概括，有关被污名化的社会群体的个体成员的信息会改变群体外的判断。本文报告了超过30年的基于实验的，基于实验室的研究对个体到群体的概括的荟萃分析综述（107个独立测试； 5393名参与者）。在第一项荟萃分析中，检测到了中等规模的积极推广效果（r  = .28，p <.001），这反映了集团样本信息对集团判断的重要概括。样本数量和样本典型性减轻了这种影响，非典型样本的中度非典型性使泛化效果最大化。其他几个设计参数-包括控制条件的类型，推广措施，信息提供的模式，目标群体的类型和研究的起点-并不能缓解积极的推广效果。第二个荟萃分析调查了元认知和泛化之间的相互作用，发现与元认知触发因素的同化效应促进了示例性的包容性，而与元认知线索的对比效应则促进了示例性的排斥性。这些结果表明，相同的外部样本可以导致偏见减少或偏见加重，取决于可用的元认知线索。根据对群体间心理学，泛化理论和减少偏见干预的意义来讨论发现。