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Major threats to a migratory raptor vary geographically along the eastern Mediterranean flyway
bioRxiv - Zoology Pub Date : 2020-12-16 , DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.16.422983 Steffen Oppel, Volen Arkumarev, Samuel Bakari, Vladimir Dobrev, Victoria Saravia, Solomon Adefolu, Lale Aktay Sozuer, Paul Tersoo Apeverga, Safak Arslan, Yahkat Barshep, Taulant Bino, Anastasios Bounas, Turan Cetin, Maher Dayyoub, Dobromir Dobrev, Klea Duro, Laith El-Moghrabi, Hana ElSafoury, Ahmed Endris, Nabegh Ghazal Asswad, Junior Hanson Harry, Sam T Ivande, Sharif Jbour, Eleftherios Kapsalis, Elzbieta Kret, Bruktawit A Mahamued, Shiiwua A Manu, Solomon Mengistu, Abdoul Razack Moussa Zabeirou, Sulaiman Inuwa Muhammad, Slave Nakev, Alex Ngari, Joseph Onoja, Maher Osta, Serdar Ozuslu, Nenad Petrovski, Georgi Popgeorgiev, Cloe Pourchier, Alazar Ruffo, Mohammed Shobrak, Lavrentis Sidiropoulos, Theodora Skartsi, Ozgun Sozuer, Kalliopi Stara, Million Tesfaye, Mirjan Topi, Dimitrios Vavylis, Metodija Velevski, Zydjon Vorpsi, Mengistu Wondafrash, Erald Xeka, Can Yeniyurt, Emil Yordanov, Stoyan C Nikolov, Zydjon Vorpsi, Mengistu Wondafrash, Erald Xeka, Can Yeniyurt, Emil Yordanov, Stoyan C Nikolov
bioRxiv - Zoology Pub Date : 2020-12-16 , DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.16.422983 Steffen Oppel, Volen Arkumarev, Samuel Bakari, Vladimir Dobrev, Victoria Saravia, Solomon Adefolu, Lale Aktay Sozuer, Paul Tersoo Apeverga, Safak Arslan, Yahkat Barshep, Taulant Bino, Anastasios Bounas, Turan Cetin, Maher Dayyoub, Dobromir Dobrev, Klea Duro, Laith El-Moghrabi, Hana ElSafoury, Ahmed Endris, Nabegh Ghazal Asswad, Junior Hanson Harry, Sam T Ivande, Sharif Jbour, Eleftherios Kapsalis, Elzbieta Kret, Bruktawit A Mahamued, Shiiwua A Manu, Solomon Mengistu, Abdoul Razack Moussa Zabeirou, Sulaiman Inuwa Muhammad, Slave Nakev, Alex Ngari, Joseph Onoja, Maher Osta, Serdar Ozuslu, Nenad Petrovski, Georgi Popgeorgiev, Cloe Pourchier, Alazar Ruffo, Mohammed Shobrak, Lavrentis Sidiropoulos, Theodora Skartsi, Ozgun Sozuer, Kalliopi Stara, Million Tesfaye, Mirjan Topi, Dimitrios Vavylis, Metodija Velevski, Zydjon Vorpsi, Mengistu Wondafrash, Erald Xeka, Can Yeniyurt, Emil Yordanov, Stoyan C Nikolov, Zydjon Vorpsi, Mengistu Wondafrash, Erald Xeka, Can Yeniyurt, Emil Yordanov, Stoyan C Nikolov
Millions of large soaring birds migrate from the Palaearctic to Africa every year, and follow distinct flyways around the Mediterranean Sea. While there is conservation concern for many long-distance migratory bird populations, the magnitude and geographic range of threats affecting birds along flyways are poorly known, which complicates efficient mitigation. We used an endangered soaring migrant, the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, as an example species to assess important threats in 13 countries along the eastern Mediterranean flyway. We tracked 71 birds using satellite telemetry to quantify mortalities, surveyed 4198 km of powerlines to detect dead birds, conducted 910 interviews to quantify the prevalence of poison use, and assessed the magnitude of direct persecution by surveying markets and hunters. We lost 44 birds (50% in Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, 16% in the Middle East, and 34% in Africa), and mortality causes varied geographically. Inadvertent poisoning resulting from rural stakeholders targeting predators occurred along most of the flyway. On the breeding grounds in eastern Europe, poisoning and collision and electrocution continue to be major threats. Electrocution on small and poorly designed electricity pylons was most severe in Turkey, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia, while direct persecution to meet market demands for belief-based use of vulture products appears to be the largest threat in Nigeria and Niger. Illegal direct persecution for leisure is a major threat in the Middle East and Egypt. Although our work cannot quantitatively estimate which of the identified threats has the greatest demographic impact on Egyptian Vultures, none of threats are species-specific and are therefore relevant for many other migratory birds. Our assessment highlights the key threats per country that range states need to address to meet their obligations under the Convention of Migratory Species to protect migratory birds.
中文翻译:
在地中海东部沿途,迁徙猛禽的主要威胁在地理上有所不同
每年都有数以百万计的大型飞禽从古太平洋迁徙到非洲,并沿着地中海周围独特的飞行路线飞行。尽管许多长途迁徙鸟类种群都需要保护,但是人们对沿飞鸟的威胁的程度和地理范围知之甚少,这使得有效的缓解变得复杂。我们以濒临灭绝的高飞迁徙者埃及秃Ne Neophron percnopterus为例,评估了地中海东部航道沿线13个国家的重要威胁。我们使用卫星遥测技术跟踪了71只鸟类,以量化死亡率,调查了4198公里的电力线以检测死鸟,进行了910次访谈以量化毒物使用率,并通过调查市场和猎人来评估直接迫害的程度。我们损失了44羽鸟类(欧洲和地中海为50%,中东为16%,非洲为34%),死亡率的因地而异。农村利益相关者针对掠食者而造成的无意中毒发生在大部分飞行路线上。在东欧的繁殖地,中毒,碰撞和电刑仍然是主要威胁。在土耳其,埃塞俄比亚和沙特阿拉伯,对设计不佳的小型电塔进行电刑是最严重的,而为满足市场对基于信仰使用秃鹰产品的需求而进行的直接迫害似乎是尼日利亚和尼日尔的最大威胁。对休闲的非法直接迫害是中东和埃及的主要威胁。尽管我们的工作无法定量估计哪些已识别威胁对埃及秃鹰的人口统计学影响最大,没有一种威胁是特定于物种的,因此与许多其他候鸟有关。我们的评估重点介绍了范围国家要履行其根据《迁徙物种公约》保护候鸟所承担的义务而需要应对的每个国家面临的主要威胁。
更新日期:2020-12-17
中文翻译:
在地中海东部沿途,迁徙猛禽的主要威胁在地理上有所不同
每年都有数以百万计的大型飞禽从古太平洋迁徙到非洲,并沿着地中海周围独特的飞行路线飞行。尽管许多长途迁徙鸟类种群都需要保护,但是人们对沿飞鸟的威胁的程度和地理范围知之甚少,这使得有效的缓解变得复杂。我们以濒临灭绝的高飞迁徙者埃及秃Ne Neophron percnopterus为例,评估了地中海东部航道沿线13个国家的重要威胁。我们使用卫星遥测技术跟踪了71只鸟类,以量化死亡率,调查了4198公里的电力线以检测死鸟,进行了910次访谈以量化毒物使用率,并通过调查市场和猎人来评估直接迫害的程度。我们损失了44羽鸟类(欧洲和地中海为50%,中东为16%,非洲为34%),死亡率的因地而异。农村利益相关者针对掠食者而造成的无意中毒发生在大部分飞行路线上。在东欧的繁殖地,中毒,碰撞和电刑仍然是主要威胁。在土耳其,埃塞俄比亚和沙特阿拉伯,对设计不佳的小型电塔进行电刑是最严重的,而为满足市场对基于信仰使用秃鹰产品的需求而进行的直接迫害似乎是尼日利亚和尼日尔的最大威胁。对休闲的非法直接迫害是中东和埃及的主要威胁。尽管我们的工作无法定量估计哪些已识别威胁对埃及秃鹰的人口统计学影响最大,没有一种威胁是特定于物种的,因此与许多其他候鸟有关。我们的评估重点介绍了范围国家要履行其根据《迁徙物种公约》保护候鸟所承担的义务而需要应对的每个国家面临的主要威胁。