Agricultural land set up systems comprise those agronomic structures able to preserve the soil fertility from water erosion, such as: ditching, contouring, earth-riser and stonewall terracing, draining, and channelization, etc.. However, in the past 60 years, agricultural mechanization has led to an expansion of the field size and reduction in land set up system intensity to make machine operation more feasible and cheaper. As a consequence, these transformations have made sloping fields less resilient to the storms and accelerated the soil erosion processes. Based on an 8year field study in ‘Chianti Classico’ area (Tuscany, Central Italy), this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the land set up systems such as diversion ditch, earth-riser and stonewall terracing on reducing water erosion from field crops, olive orchards, and vineyards. The results showed that diversion ditches were effective on herbaceous crop fields with slope steepness lower than 9%. While, for higher slopes, diversion ditches were not sufficient to contain the soil loss within OECD 2008 tolerable limits in none of the considered land uses. On the opposite, in steep slopes, earth-riser terraces and stonewall terraces have shown their value as land set up system capable of reducing the erosive process. Their greatest drawback is the reduction of the cultivable surface deriving from the presence of the riser and the walls. However, their added value as a precious element characterizing the local landscape was of considerable importance for the local economy linked to tourism. Introduction Over the centuries the Mediterranean hilly landscape has been shaped by human activity to obtain cultivated surfaces (Agnoletti et al., 2015a, 2015b; Cots-Folch et al., 2006). The evolution of agricultural land set up system in Italy can be dated back to the Neolithic period (Agnoletti et al., 2015a). Until the 18th century, the up and down hill ditching (locally called rittochino) was the main land set up system characterizing the Italian hilly territory where the large estate prevailed (Landi, 1989). On large estates, only the best surfaces were used for cultivation, while the inaccessible and degraded areas were destined for grazing or scrub. On the contrary, in the hilly areas where the family farm property prevailed, farmers realized flat surfaces by terracing even on very steep slopes to cultivate field crops in crop rotation (cereals, legumes, fodder, etc.) (Landi, 1989; Agnoletti et al., 2015a). Following serious famines that occurred in the mid-18th century, a new period of demographic growth occurred, leading to a growing need of food and cultivable soil. The search for new arable land led to the cultivation of steep hilly surfaces and the parallel increased interest in complex agronomic techniques able to preserve the soil fertility from water erosion, such as: ditching, contouring, earth-riser and stonewall terracing, draining and channelization, etc. As reported by Agnoletti et al. (2015a), this process of landscape evolution had also marked the countryside of Tuscany (central Italy) until the middle of the 20th century, when most of the hilly fields of central Tuscany were made cultivable by means of earth-riser and stonewall terracing. However, economic development in the past 60 years has led to profound social and demographic changes worldwide (MacDonald et al., 2000; Stonestrom et al., 2009) that reflected in the hilly countryside with depopulation, abandonment of traditional activities, changes of land uses and land cover classes such as the change of crops and crop rotations (Stonestrom et al., 2009). These changes also occurred in Tuscany from 1950s, where agricultural mechanization has led to an expansion of the field size and reduction of ditching, terracing, tile draining and channelization to make machine operation more feasible and cheaper, but negatively affecting the drainage effectiveness (Landi, 1989; Napoli and Orlandini, 2015; Napoli et al., 2016). As a consequence, these transformations have made sloping fields less resilient to storms and accelerated the soil erosion processes (Borselli et al., 2006; Bazzoffi et al., 2011, 2016; Tarolli et al., 2014). Nowadays, several studies indicated water erosion as one of the most important soil degradation processes, resulting in a reduction of soil fertility and long-term productivity (Lal, 1995; Gunatilake and Vieth, 2000; Ramos and Martínez-Casasnovas, 2006; Pulighe et al., 2020). The European governments, increasingly concerned about the issue of soil fertility, have funded several agricultural development plans aiming at the conservation of water resources and limitation of soil erosion, thus linking farmers to the respect of environmental conditions in order to receive the public contribution (Altobelli et al., 2019). Correspondence: Marco Napoli, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy. Tel.: +39.0552755476 E-mail: marco.napoli@unifi.it

中文翻译：

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土地整备系统对土壤流失的影响

农业用地设置系统包括那些能够保持土壤肥力免受水侵蚀的农艺结构，例如：开沟、等高线、地沟和石墙梯田、排水和沟渠等。 然而，在过去的 60 年里，农业机械化导致了田地规模的扩大和土地设置系统强度的降低，使机器操作更可行、更便宜。因此，这些转变使坡地对风暴的抵御能力降低，并加速了土壤侵蚀过程。基于在“Chianti Classico”地区（意大利中部托斯卡纳）进行的为期 8 年的实地研究，该研究旨在评估导流沟、地沟和石墙梯田等土地设置系统在减少大田作物水蚀方面的有效性, 橄榄园, 和葡萄园。结果表明，导流沟对坡度小于9%的草本作物田有效。而对于更高的坡度，导流沟不足以将土壤流失控制在经合组织 2008 年可容忍的范围内，而没有考虑到任何土地用途。相反，在陡峭的斜坡上，地表梯田和石墙梯田作为能够减少侵蚀过程的土地设置系统已显示出它们的价值。它们最大的缺点是由于立管和墙壁的存在而减少了可耕种表面。然而，它们作为当地景观特征的宝贵元素的附加值对于与旅游业相关的当地经济具有相当重要的意义。简介 几个世纪以来，地中海丘陵景观一直被人类活动塑造，以获得耕地表面（Agnoletti 等，2015a，2015b；Cots-Folch 等，2006）。意大利农地设置制度的演变可以追溯到新石器时代（Agnoletti et al., 2015a）。直到 18 世纪，上下山沟（当地称为 ritochino）是主要的土地设置系统，其特征是大庄园盛行的意大利丘陵地带（Landi，1989）。在大庄园里，只有最好的地表用于耕种，而难以进入和退化的地区则用于放牧或灌木丛。相反，在家庭农场财产盛行的丘陵地区，农民通过在非常陡峭的斜坡上铺设梯田来实现平坦的表面，以轮作种植大田作物（谷物、豆类、饲料等）（Landi，1989；Agnoletti 等，2015a）。在 18 世纪中叶发生严重饥荒之后，出现了一个新的人口增长时期，导致对食物和可耕地的需求不断增长。寻找新的耕地导致了陡峭的丘陵表面的耕作，同时人们对能够保护土壤肥力免受水侵蚀的复杂农艺技术的兴趣也随之增加，例如：开沟、修整、挖地基和石墙梯田、排水和沟渠化等。据 Agnoletti 等人报道。（2015a），这种景观演变过程也标志着托斯卡纳（意大利中部）的乡村直到 20 世纪中叶，当托斯卡纳中部的大部分丘陵地带通过地梯和石墙梯田可耕种时。然而，过去 60 年的经济发展导致了世界范围内深刻的社会和人口变化（MacDonald 等人，2000 年；Stonestrom 等人，2009 年），这反映在丘陵乡村，人口减少、传统活动被放弃、土地变化用途和土地覆盖类别，例如作物和作物轮作的变化（Stonestrom 等，2009）。这些变化也发生在 1950 年代的托斯卡纳，那里的农业机械化导致田地面积扩大并减少开沟、梯田、瓷砖排水和渠道化，使机器操作更可行、更便宜，但对排水效率产生负面影响（Landi， 1989 年；那不勒斯和奥兰迪尼，2015 年；那不勒斯等人，2016）。因此，这些转变使坡地对风暴的抵御能力降低，并加速了土壤侵蚀过程（Borselli 等人，2006 年；Bazzoffi 等人，2011 年，2016 年；Tarolli 等人，2014 年）。如今，多项研究表明，水蚀是最重要的土壤退化过程之一，导致土壤肥力和长期生产力下降（Lal，1995；Gunatilake 和 Vieth，2000；Ramos 和 Martínez-Casasnovas，2006；Pulighe 等al., 2020)。越来越关注土壤肥力问题的欧洲各国政府已经资助了几个旨在保护水资源和限制水土流失的农业发展计划，从而将农民与尊重环境条件联系起来，以获得公共贡献（Altobelli等，2019）。一致：Marco Napoli，佛罗伦萨大学农业、食品、环境和林业系，Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy。电话：+39.0552755476 电子邮箱：marco.napoli@unifi.it