ABSTRACT: Bycatch and mortality in fishing gear poses a conservation threat worldwide to many marine species. Resource managers and conservation scientists face challenges in identifying bycatch mitigation solutions that work for multiple taxa while maintaining acceptable levels of target fish catch. The most successful mitigation measures to address bycatch concerns are those that (1) minimize bycatch with limited or no impact on target species catch, (2) have been proven through at-sea experimental research, (3) are practical, affordable, and easy to use, and (4) do not risk the safety of the fishing vessel crew or the bycaught animals. We conducted a review of mitigation measures in fishing gears that target tuna and tuna-like species and that either prevent capture of non-target species in fishing gear or facilitate alive post-capture release, and evaluated these against 4 defined criteria: effective, proven, practical, and safe. This paper outlines the most effective bycatch mitigation measures, as based upon the best scientific information available, in commercial and artisanal pelagic longline and purse seine fisheries, specifically those that target tuna and tuna-like species. This review includes information on gear and operational changes to fishing practices that reduce bycatch for protected and threatened species across taxonomic groups, with a focus on cetaceans, sea turtles, seabirds, sharks, and istiophorid billfishes. The information provided can guide future research and management efforts in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations that are specific to tuna fishing and that aim to minimize impacts to protected and threatened species while maintaining viable commercial fisheries.

中文翻译：

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兼捕缓解金枪鱼围网和延绳钓渔业中受保护和受威胁物种

摘要：渔具的兼捕和死亡对全世界许多海洋物种构成了保护威胁。资源经理和保护科学家在确定兼捕缓解方案时面临挑战，这些解决方案适用于多种生物分类，同时保持可接受的目标鱼获水平。解决副渔获物问题最成功的缓解措施是（1）尽量减少副渔获物，而对目标物种的捕捞没有影响或没有影响；（2）经过海上实验研究的证明；（3）实用，负担得起且容易使用；（4）不要冒着渔船船员或被捕动物的安全风险。我们对针对金枪鱼和类似金枪鱼物种的渔具的缓解措施进行了审查，这些措施既可以防止在渔具中捕获非目标物种，也可以促进捕捞后的存活释放，并根据4个定义的标准对这些标准进行了评估：有效，可靠，实用和安全。本文根据可得的最佳科学信息，概述了商业和手工上层延绳钓和围网围网渔业中最有效的兼捕措施，特别是针对金枪鱼和类似金枪鱼物种的渔业。这篇综述包括有关捕捞手段的齿轮和操作变更的信息，以减少跨生物分类群对受保护物种和濒危物种的兼捕，重点是鲸类，海龟，海鸟，鲨鱼和直纹比目鱼。