Abstract A critical question in marine ecology is understanding how organisms will cope with environmental conditions under climate change. Increasing temperatures not only have a direct effect on marine organisms but may also lead to food limitation through for example trophic mismatches, or by the increased metabolic demands imposed by developing at high temperatures. Using barnacles from a population of North Wales, we studied the combined effect of temperature and food density on the survival, settlement success, developmental time and body size of larvae of the native barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and its exotic competitor, the barnacle Austrominius modestus. Larvae were reared at similar food levels but at temperature ranges which varied among species reflecting their different phenology and tolerances. For S. balanoides (spring larval release) we used a lower temperature of 9 °C, reflecting spring temperatures from N Wales to SW England, and 15 °C representing warmer conditions; for A. modestus (summer larval release) a typical summer temperature for this geographic range of 15 °C was used with a raised temperature of 18 °C. Larvae were reared under controlled conditions in automated, computer programmable incubators and fed diatoms (Skeletonema costatum) at three food levels. We found stress effects of food limitation on larval performance of S. balanoides. While survival during naupliar development was little affected by food and temperature, low food levels strongly depressed survival and settlement during the cyprid stage of S. balanoides at both tested temperatures, but especially at 15 °C. By contrast, at the tested temperatures little effects were found on survival and settlement success in the exotic A. modestus. Both species delayed development in response to low food levels while S. balanoides cyprids showed decreased body size at the high tested temperature. The main impact occurred as a delayed effect, at the time when cyprids attempt to settle, rather than as an effect on naupliar survival or metamorphosis to the cyprid stage. Response in body size and developmental time may have costs at the time of metamorphosis (delayed settlement) or after metamorphosis. Overall, our experiments suggest that as temperature increases, settlement success of S. balanoides larvae (but not that of its competitor A. modestus) will become more sensitive to conditions of food limitation, imposed for instance by phenological mismatches with periods of phytoplankton peak.

中文翻译：

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外来藤壶中的幼虫对食物限制的耐受性强于其本土竞争对手

摘要 海洋生态学中的一个关键问题是了解生物如何应对气候变化下的环境条件。温度升高不仅对海洋生物有直接影响，而且还可能导致食物限制，例如营养不匹配，或由于在高温下发育而增加的代谢需求。我们使用来自北威尔士人口的藤壶，研究了温度和食物密度对原生藤壶 Semibalanus balanoides 及其外来竞争对手藤壶 Austrominius normus 幼虫的生存、定居成功、发育时间和体型的综合影响。幼虫在相似的食物水平下饲养，但温度范围因物种而异，反映了它们不同的物候和耐受性。对于 S。balanoides（春季幼虫释放）我们使用了 9 °C 的较低温度，反映了从威尔士北部到英格兰西南部的春季温度，而 15 °C 则代表了较温暖的条件；对于 A.适度（夏季幼虫释放），该地理范围内的典型夏季温度为 15 °C，温度升高 18 °C。幼虫在受控条件下在自动化的计算机可编程孵化器中饲养，并在三个食物水平上喂食硅藻（Skeletonema costatum）。我们发现食物限制对 S. balanoides 幼虫性能的压力影响。虽然无节幼体发育过程中的存活率几乎不受食物和温度的影响，但在两个测试温度下，尤其是在 15 °C 时，低食物水平会严重抑制 S. balanoides cyprid 阶段的存活率和沉降。相比之下，在测试温度下，发现对异国情调的 A. mediumus 的生存和定居成功几乎没有影响。两种物种都因低食物水平而延迟发育，而 S. balanoides cyprids 在高测试温度下显示出减小的体型。主要影响是作为延迟效应发生的，当鲤鱼试图定居时，而不是对无节幼体存活或变态到鲤鱼阶段的影响。体型和发育时间的反应可能在变态时（延迟结算）或变态后产生成本。总体而言，我们的实验表明，随着温度的升高，S. balanoides 幼虫（但不是其竞争对手 A.温和型）的定居成功将对食物限制条件变得更加敏感，