Bacterial biofilm is a community of bacteria that are embedded and structured in self-secreted extracellular matrix. An important clinical-related characteristic of bacterial biofilms is that they are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents than the planktonic cells (up to 1000 times), which is one of the main causes of antibiotic resistance in clinics. Therefore, infections caused by biofilms are notoriously difficult to eradicate, such as lung infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. Understanding mechanisms of resistance of biofilms will provide direct insights to how we overcome such resistance. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of biofilms and chronic infections associated with bacterial biofilms. We reviewed the current understanding and research progress on the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in biofilms, including quorum sensing. We also reviewed the potential strategies that may overcome biofilm-related antibiotic resistance, focusing on targeting the EPS of biofilm, blocking quorum sensing signaling, and using recombinant phages.

中文翻译：

---

病理生物膜中抗生素耐药性的机制和控制策略。

细菌生物膜是一种细菌群落，嵌入并构建在自分泌的细胞外基质中。细菌生物膜的一个重要临床相关特征是它们对抗菌药物的耐药性远高于浮游细胞（高达 1000 倍），这是临床上抗生素耐药性的主要原因之一。因此，生物膜引起的感染是出了名的难以根除，例如铜绿假单胞菌引起的肺部感染在囊性纤维化患者中。了解生物膜的抗性机制将为我们如何克服这种抗性提供直接的见解。在这篇综述中，我们总结了生物膜的特征和与细菌生物膜相关的慢性感染。我们回顾了目前对生物膜中抗生素耐药性主要机制的理解和研究进展，包括群体感应。我们还回顾了可能克服生物膜相关抗生素耐药性的潜在策略，重点关注针对生物膜的 EPS、阻断群体感应信号以及使用重组噬菌体。