Abstract—Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is based on clinical examination of patient’s cognitive state. In 2018, the A/T/N system was developed, which expanded a spectrum of biomarkers recommended for AD diagnostics. However, the high price and low availability of the suggested methods, including lumbar puncture or positron-emission tomography, limit their use in daily clinical practice. An active search for other diagnostic tools led to studies on biomarkers in peripheral tissues, such as the blood and saliva. Development of ultrasensitive methods allowed detection of minimal alterations of concentrations of various substances, proteins, or metabolites, which can be used for AD diagnosis at the preclinical stage. Saliva is one of the most important biological fluids and potential candidates for study of various biomarkers. However, the absence of a single protocol for collection and conservation as well as the effects of multiple confounding factors make the development of diagnostic panels difficult. In this review, we consider and analyze the main difficulties in saliva research and the results of studies on the possibility of using beta-amyloid, tau-protein, acetylcholinesterase, lactoferrin, and metabolome as the markers of the early stages of AD.

摘要—阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）的诊断基于对患者认知状态的临床检查。2018年，开发了A / T / N系统，该系统扩展了建议用于AD诊断的生物标志物的范围。然而，所建议的方法的高价格和低可用性，包括腰穿或正电子发射断层扫描，限制了它们在日常临床实践中的使用。积极寻找其他诊断工具导致对外周组织（例如血液和唾液）中生物标志物的研究。超灵敏方法的发展允许检测各种物质，蛋白质或代谢物浓度的最小变化，这些变化可在临床前阶段用于AD诊断。唾液是最重要的生物体液之一，也是研究各种生物标志物的潜在候选人。然而，缺乏用于收集和保存的单一方案以及多种混杂因素的影响，使得诊断面板的开发变得困难。在这篇综述中，我们考虑并分析了唾液研究的主要困难以及有关使用β淀粉样蛋白，tau蛋白，乙酰胆碱酯酶，乳铁蛋白和代谢组作为AD早期标志物的可能性的研究结果。