Background

During the last decades, a worldwide increase in the number of cases of depression accompanied by rising prescription rates of antidepressants was recorded. In Germany, the two most prescribed antidepressants are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram and the serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine, taking about 30% of the market share. Both antidepressants are found frequently in surface waters and have the potential of adversely affecting aquatic organisms. Most studies dealing with antidepressants address apical endpoints and behaviour; however, only few studies investigate biochemical biomarkers and histopathological alterations. We conducted citalopram and venlafaxine exposure experiments over 5 months, starting with brown trout eggs in the eyed-ova stage, as well as with juvenile brown trout for 4 weeks. Exposure concentrations ranged from environmentally relevant 1 µg/L up to 1 mg/L. In this study, we investigated the effects of the antidepressants on b-esterase activity (neurotoxicity), stress protein level (proteotoxicity) and superoxide dismutase activity (oxidative stress). Additionally, we assessed the health status of the liver by means of histopathological analyses.

Results

We were able to show that both antidepressants did neither induce proteotoxic nor neurotoxic effects in brown trout. But for venlafaxine, the biochemical biomarker for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase activity) was significantly increased in larvae exposed to at least 10-µg/L venlafaxine at 7 °C. With regard to liver histopathology, fish exposed to higher citalopram concentrations were in a worse health condition than control fish irrespective of their life stage. Also, the energy storage of fish exposed to 1 mg/L citalopram was reduced.

Conclusion

Thus, we here report citalopram-dependent histopathological alterations in brown trout liver, and the induction of oxidative stress by venlafaxine.

中文翻译：

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褐鳟（Salmo trutta f。fario）对抗抑郁药物西酞普兰和文拉法辛的生化和细胞生物标记。

背景

在过去的几十年中，世界范围内抑郁症的病例数增加，同时抗抑郁药的处方率上升。在德国，处方最多的两种抗抑郁药是选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂西酞普兰和5-羟色胺和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂文拉法辛，约占市场份额的30％。两种抗抑郁药都经常在地表水中发现，并且有可能对水生生物产生不利影响。大多数有关抗抑郁药的研究都针对根尖和行为。然而，只有很少的研究调查生化生物标志物和组织病理学改变。我们进行了5个月的西酞普兰和文拉法辛接触实验，从卵期卵中的褐鳟鱼卵开始，以及与少年褐鳟一起饲养4周。暴露浓度范围从与环境相关的1 µg / L到1 mg / L。在这项研究中，我们研究了抗抑郁药对b-酯酶活性（神经毒性），应激蛋白水平（蛋白毒性）和超氧化物歧化酶活性（氧化应激）的影响。此外，我们通过组织病理学分析评估了肝脏的健康状况。

结果

我们能够证明这两种抗抑郁药都不会在褐鳟中诱导蛋白毒性或神经毒性。但是对于文拉法辛，在7°C下暴露于至少10 µg / L文拉法辛的幼虫中，氧化应激（超氧化物歧化酶活性）的生化生物标记物显着增加。就肝脏组织病理学而言，无论其生命周期如何，暴露于较高西酞普兰浓度的鱼比对照鱼的健康状况更差。而且，减少了暴露于1 mg / L西酞普兰的鱼的能量存储。

结论

因此，我们在这里报道了褐鳟鱼肝中西酞普兰依赖性的组织病理学改变，以及文拉法辛诱导的氧化应激。