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Breath analysis for the screening and diagnosis of diseases
Applied Spectroscopy Reviews ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-15
Nidheesh V. R., Aswini Kumar Mohapatra, Unnikrishnan V. K., Rajeev Kumar Sinha, Rajesh Nayak, Vasudevan Baskaran Kartha, Santhosh Chidangil

Abstract

Exhaled breath contains small molecules and complex volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as H2O, CO2, NO, NH3, ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. Analysis of VOCs can provide valuable information about health status, especially in several disorders and disease conditions. In view of pandemics like the recent COVID-19 incidences, Breath Analysis, which is totally noninvasive and can be adapted for Remote/In Situ Point-Of-Care (POC) use, require special attention in current health-care technology. A variety of techniques have been used for the detection of VOCs for decades. Mass spectrometry, laser spectroscopy and more recently e-noses (made up of nano-particle and metal oxide sensors) are the most popular methods. Most VOCs are present in exhaled breath at parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) and parts per trillion (ppt) levels only. Detection of VOCs even at such low-levels can be correlated with certain diseases, and they can be regarded as biomarkers of such ailments. A review of the various studies that have been carried out in breath analysis, together with a comparison of the different techniques available today, with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in this article. The challenges and future prospects of the various techniques in providing viable technology for screening and early detection of various disease conditions are also discussed in brief.



中文翻译:

呼吸分析以筛查和诊断疾病

摘要

呼气中包含小分子和复杂的挥发性有机化合物(VOC),例如H 2 O,CO 2,NO,NH 3,酮,醛,醇和烃。对VOC的分析可以提供有关健康状况的有价值的信息,尤其是在某些疾病和疾病中。鉴于最近的COVID-19流行病等流行病,呼吸分析是完全非侵入性的,并且可以适用于远程/原位护理点(POC),在当前的医疗技术中需要特别注意。数十年来,已经使用了多种技术来检测VOC。质谱,激光光谱和最近的电子鼻(由纳米粒子和金属氧化物传感器组成)是最受欢迎的方法。大多数呼气中的挥发性有机化合物含量仅为百万分之几(ppm),十亿分之几(ppb)和万亿分之几(ppt)。即使在如此低的水平下,VOC的检测也可能与某些疾病有关,它们可以被视为此类疾病的生物标记。本文介绍了呼吸分析中进行的各种研究,并对当今可用的各种技术进行了比较,并对其优点和缺点进行了介绍。还简要讨论了各种技术在提供可行的技术来筛查和早期检测各种疾病的过程中所面临的挑战和未来前景。

更新日期:2020-12-16
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