Abstract No tillage, optimal nitrogen and irrigation supply levels, and crop rotation are promising strategies for reducing soil carbon emission, and plastic mulching is an important measure to improve crop productivity in arid regions. However, the effect of no tillage and plastic mulching combined with optimum management of water and nitrogen on soil carbon emission has not been tested. A field experiment was carried out in 2016–2018, to evaluate how no tillage, reduced the levels of irrigation and nitrogen affect crop yield, water use, and soil carbon emission of following spring wheat after plastic-mulched maize. A sustainability evaluation index was analyzed via integrating key parameters related to yield performance, water use, and soil carbon emission characteristics. Our results show that no tillage with previous residual plastic mulching, reduced irrigation, and reduced nitrogen application increased yield and water use efficiency of following wheat, but decreased soil carbon emission. From the 3-year average, no tillage and previous residual plastic mulching combined with the reduction of 20 % in both irrigation and nitrogen levels (i.e., the integrated system), increased grain and energy yields of following wheat by 13.7 and 7.8 %, respectively, compared to conventional tillage with conventional high levels of irrigation and nitrogen (i.e., the control). Also, the integrated system improved grain and energy yields for water use efficiency by 7.2 and 4.0 %, respectively. The soil carbon emission with the integrated system was 31.7 % lower than that with the control treatment, and the integrated system reduced soil carbon emission for water use efficiency by 33.8 % compared to the control treatment. However, the integrated system had 65.1 % greater carbon emission efficiency than the control treatment. The integrated system had the highest sustainability index among all treatments. Therefore, no tillage with previous residual plastic mulching from the previous maize combined with a 20 % reduction in both irrigation and nitrogen levels is an optimal strategy for sustainable and effective production of wheat in arid Oasis irrigation regions.

中文翻译：

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免耕和先前残留的塑料覆盖减少水和氮供应减少土壤碳排放并提高干旱灌溉区小麦的生产力

摘要 免耕、最佳氮肥和灌溉供应水平以及轮作是减少土壤碳排放的有希望的策略，而地膜覆盖是提高干旱地区作物生产力的重要措施。然而，免耕和地膜覆盖结合水氮优化管理对土壤碳排放的影响尚未得到验证。2016-2018 年进行了田间试验，以评估免耕、减少灌溉和施氮水平如何影响覆膜玉米后春小麦的作物产量、用水量和土壤碳排放。通过整合与产量性能、用水量和土壤碳排放特征相关的关键参数，对可持续性评价指标进行了分析。我们的结果表明，以前残留的塑料覆盖物无需耕作，减少灌溉和减少施氮提高了后续小麦的产量和水分利用效率，但减少了土壤碳排放。从 3 年的平均值来看，免耕和以前的残留塑料覆盖加上灌溉和氮水平降低 20%（即集成系统），后续小麦的谷物和能量产量分别增加了 13.7% 和 7.8% ，与传统高水平灌溉和氮肥（即对照）的传统耕作相比。此外，该集成系统将粮食产量和能源产量分别提高了 7.2% 和 4.0% 的用水效率。综合系统的土壤碳排放量比对照处理降低了31.7%，综合系统使水分利用效率的土壤碳排放量减少了33。8% 与对照处理相比。然而，集成系统的碳排放效率比对照处理高 65.1%。综合系统在所有处理中具有最高的可持续性指数。因此，在干旱绿洲灌溉区，使用先前玉米残留的塑料覆盖物免耕，结合灌溉和氮水平降低 20%，是可持续和有效生产小麦的最佳策略。