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Agroforestry innovation by smallholders facing uncertainty: The case of clove-based cropping systems in Madagascar
European Journal of Agronomy ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2020.126218
Isabelle Michel , Mélanie Lobietti , Pascal Danthu , Eric Penot , Francisco Velonjara , Michel Jahiel , Thierry Michels

Abstract Clove production in the eastern coastal region of Madagascar is typical of an export crop grown by particularly vulnerable smallholders. Products from clove trees, along with vanilla, account for the largest proportion of Madagascar’s agricultural exports. There is a marked contrast between the national economic stakes and the situation of smallholders hampered by fluctuating world market prices, a particularly erratic climate in this cyclone-prone area, and land fragmentation due to high demographic pressure. Clove trees were first introduced by French settlers and grown in monospecific plantations according to their development model. These clove plantations dominate the landscape but appear at first sight to be deteriorating, thus mobilizing R&D actors with the intention of improving the sector. What if it turned out, on the contrary, that farmers had gradually developed, over generations, diverse and diversified clove systems adapted to the prevailing uncertainty? This is what we wanted to test by implementing a method combining farmer surveys and field observations. We assumed that the density of associated and clove trees, the identification of species within these stands, and the clove tree growth status, reflected the past and present dynamics and the sought-after functions. In two Fenerive-Est villages, we analysed findings from a sample of thirty clove plots, and revealed six different types of system in terms of vegetation structure, species combinations and ages. The trend was in favour of clove tree maintenance and renewal, but also diversification of associated tree species and uses of the underlying layers, to the detriment of the per-hectare clove tree density. The systems had also evolved according to the age of the clove trees. Interventions to improve clove production in Madagascar must be designed within the framework of these diversified, multifunctional and evolving systems, without overlooking other derivative components and products.

中文翻译:

面临不确定性的小农农林业创新:马达加斯加丁香种植系统的案例

摘要 马达加斯加东部沿海地区的丁香生产是特别脆弱的小农种植的典型出口作物。丁香树产品和香草产品占马达加斯加农产品出口的最大比例。国家经济利害关系与受世界市场价格波动、这个易受飓风影响的地区气候特别不稳定以及人口压力大导致土地破碎化而受阻的小农状况之间形成鲜明对比。 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 丁香树首先由法国定居者引进,并根据他们的发展模式在单一品种的种植园中种植。这些丁香种植园在景观中占据主导地位,但乍一看似乎正在恶化,因此动员研发人员以改善该行业。如果结果出来了怎么办 相反,农民世代以来逐渐发展出适应普遍不确定性的多样化和多样化的丁香系统?这就是我们想要通过实施结合农民调查和实地观察的方法来测试的。我们假设相关和丁香树的密度、这些林分内物种的识别以及丁香树的生长状况反映了过去和现在的动态以及广受欢迎的功能。在 Fenerive-Est 的两个村庄,我们分析了 30 个丁香地块样本的发现,并在植被结构、物种组合和年龄方面揭示了六种不同类型的系统。这种趋势有利于丁香树的维护和更新,但也有利于相关树种的多样化和底层的使用,不利于每公顷丁香树的密度。这些系统也随着丁香树的年龄而进化。必须在这些多样化、多功能和不断发展的系统的框架内设计改善马达加斯加丁香生产的干预措施,而不能忽视其他衍生成分和产品。
更新日期:2021-02-01
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