Adult cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells that result in minimal intrinsic potential for the heart to self-regenerate. The introduction of novel approaches in cardiac tissue engineering aims to repair damages from cardiovascular diseases. Recently, conductive biomaterials such as carbon- and gold-based nanomaterials, conductive polymers, and ceramics that have outstanding electrical conductivity, acceptable mechanical properties, and promoted cell–cell signaling transduction have attracted attention for use in cardiac tissue engineering. Nevertheless, comprehensive classification of conductive biomaterials from the perspective of cardiac cell function is a subject for discussion. In the present review, we classify and summarize the unique properties of conductive biomaterials considered beneficial for cardiac tissue engineering. We attempt to cover recent advances in conductive biomaterials with a particular focus on their effects on cardiac cell functions and proposed mechanisms of action. Finally, current problems, limitations, challenges, and suggested solutions for applications of these biomaterials are presented.

中文翻译：

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多功能导电生物材料有望成为心脏组织工程学的平台

成年心肌细胞是终末分化的细胞，其使心脏自我再生的内在潜力最小。心脏组织工程学中新方法的引入旨在修复心血管疾病的损害。最近，具有出色的导电性，可接受的机械性能以及促进的细胞间信号传导的导电生物材料，例如碳基和金基纳米材料，导电聚合物和陶瓷，已引起人们在心脏组织工程中的关注。然而，从心脏细胞功能的角度对导电生物材料进行全面分类仍是一个讨论的主题。在本综述中，我们对导电生物材料的独特性能进行了分类和总结，这些材料对心脏组织工程有益。我们试图涵盖导电生物材料的最新进展，特别关注它们对心脏细胞功能的影响以及拟议的作用机制。最后，介绍了这些生物材料应用的当前问题，局限性，挑战和建议的解决方案。