ABSTRACT Salinity is affecting a large area of Pakistan. The country is situated in a semiarid and arid region where the climate is subtropical continental and the process of salinization and sodification is in progress. Excessive salt rates are adversely influencing the biological, chemical, and physical properties of soils. These physical and chemical changes influence the activity of soil microbes and plant roots, and eventually affect the crop growth and yield. Therefore, it is essential from the food security viewpoint to bring these salt-affected lands into agriculture production for the promptly growing population. The paper provides a brief overview of the different aspects of salt-affected soils regarding their extent, origin, existence, nature, types, causes, characteristics, visual diagnosis, effects on soils and plants, salttolerant plant species, management, strategies adopted in Pakistan to overcome salinity, saline, and bio-saline agriculture. Different issues of salinity can be managed by adopting strategies that are helpful in reclamation of such soils. The overview focuses on chemical and biological amendments as they are the most effective implements in improving various soil properties (soil permeability and structural stability) of saline/sodic soils for sustainable food production, thus, authenticating the potential of inorganic and organic amendments to reinstate soil quality. Salinity effects can be reduced to a higher level by the addition of fertilizers and these amendments may also improve nutrient use efficiency. Other sustainable agronomic practices (crop diversifications, leaching by irrigation water, scraping, etc are also pointed out that may inhibit and, in some cases, reverse the conditions of soil salinization.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦 21 世纪土壤盐分研究：其对植物养分有效性、作物生长和产量的影响

摘要 盐度正在影响巴基斯坦的大片地区。该国地处半干旱和干旱地区，属亚热带大陆性气候，正在进行盐碱化过程。过高的盐分率会对土壤的生物、化学和物理特性产生不利影响。这些物理化学变化影响土壤微生物和植物根系的活性，最终影响作物的生长和产量。因此，从粮食安全的角度来看，为迅速增长的人口将这些受盐分影响的土地用于农业生产是必不可少的。本文简要概述了受盐分影响的土壤的不同方面，包括其范围、起源、存在、性质、类型、原因、特征、视觉诊断、对土壤和植物的影响、巴基斯坦为克服盐分、盐分和生物盐分农业所采用的耐盐植物种类、管理、策略。不同的盐度问题可以通过采用有助于此类土壤开垦的策略来解决。概述侧重于化学和生物改良剂，因为它们是改善盐碱土的各种土壤特性（土壤渗透性和结构稳定性）以实现可持续粮食生产的最有效工具，从而验证无机和有机改良剂恢复土壤的潜力质量。通过添加肥料可以将盐度影响降低到更高的水平，这些改良剂还可以提高养分利用效率。其他可持续的农艺实践（作物多样化、灌溉水浸出、刮除、