In agricultural greenhouses, employment of energy-saving strategies along with alternative energy sources has been identified as a potential solution to address the intensive energy consumption of these cultivation facilities. This study investigates the integration of renewable energy technologies, including solar thermal, solar photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic-thermal (PVT), geothermal, and biomass with greenhouse cultivation systems as net-Zero Energy Greenhouses (nZEGs). Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy source that has been successfully used to provide thermal and electrical power requirements of greenhouses. The use of geothermal heat in greenhouses will save primary energy sources (more than 20%) and reduce operating costs. Utilizing solid biomass not only provides heating and cooling demands of greenhouses but also can supply their CO₂ requirements. In terms of energy storage, the use of Sensible Thermal Energy Storage (STES) can cause a 3–5 °C increase in the inside air temperature while resulting in almost 28 kWh/m² energy saving per area of the greenhouse. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are extensively used in TES systems and provide high thermal efficiencies and reduce energy consumption (around 30–40%) with the main drawbacks of low thermal conductivity, associated environmental concerns, and high costs.

在农业温室中，采用节能策略以及替代能源已被视为解决这些种植设施密集能源消耗的潜在解决方案。这项研究调查了将可再生能源技术（包括太阳能，太阳能光伏（PV）和光伏热（PVT），地热和生物质）与温室栽培系统作为净零能源温室（nZEG）的集成。太阳能是最丰富的可再生能源，已成功用于满足温室的热能和电力需求。在温室中使用地热能将节省一次能源（超过20％）并降低运营成本。₂要求。在储能方面，使用显热储能（STES）可使室内空气温度升高3–5°C，同时每温室面积节省近28 kWh / m ^2的能量。相变材料（PCM）广泛用于TES系统中，具有较高的热效率并降低了能耗（约30–40％），其主要缺点是导热系数低，相关的环境问题和高成本。