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How deep is the rift between conscious states in sleep and wakefulness? Spontaneous experience over the sleep–wake cycle
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ( IF 6.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-14 , DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0696
Jennifer M Windt 1
Affiliation  

Whether we are awake or asleep is believed to mark a sharp divide between the types of conscious states we undergo in either behavioural state. Consciousness in sleep is often equated with dreaming and thought to be characteristically different from waking consciousness. Conversely, recent research shows that we spend a substantial amount of our waking lives mind wandering, or lost in spontaneous thoughts. Dreaming has been described as intensified mind wandering, suggesting that there is a continuum of spontaneous experience that reaches from waking into sleep. This challenges how we conceive of the behavioural states of sleep and wakefulness in relation to conscious states. I propose a conceptual framework that distinguishes different subtypes of spontaneous thoughts and experiences independently of their occurrence in sleep or waking. I apply this framework to selected findings from dream and mind-wandering research. I argue that to assess the relationship between spontaneous thoughts and experiences and the behavioural states of sleep and wakefulness, we need to look beyond dreams to consider kinds of sleep-related experience that qualify as dreamless. I conclude that if we consider the entire range of spontaneous thoughts and experiences, there appears to be variation in subtypes both within as well as across behavioural states. Whether we are sleeping or waking does not appear to strongly constrain which subtypes of spontaneous thoughts and experiences we undergo in those states. This challenges the conventional and coarse-grained distinction between sleep and waking and their putative relation to conscious states.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.



中文翻译:

睡眠和清醒时的意识状态之间的差距有多深?睡眠-觉醒周期的自发体验

人们认为,无论我们是醒着还是睡着,都标志着我们在任何一种行为状态下所经历的意识状态类型之间的明显区别。睡眠中的意识通常等同于做梦,并且被认为与清醒时的意识有本质上的不同。相反,最近的研究表明,我们清醒时的大部分时间都在走神,或者迷失在自发的想法中。梦被描述为加剧的走神,这表明从醒来到睡眠有一个连续的自发体验。这挑战了我们如何看待睡眠和清醒的行为状态与意识状态的关系。我提出了一个概念框架,可以区分自发思想和体验的不同亚型,而与它们在睡眠或清醒时的发生无关。我将这个框架应用于梦和走神研究的选定结果。我认为,为了评估自发的想法和经历与睡眠和清醒的行为状态之间的关系,我们需要超越梦境,考虑各种与睡眠相关的无梦经历。我的结论是,如果我们考虑整个自发想法和经历,就会发现行为状态内部和行为状态之间的亚型似乎存在差异。无论我们是在睡觉还是醒着,似乎并没有强烈限制我们在这些状态下经历的自发想法和经历的亚型。这挑战了睡眠和清醒之间传统的、粗粒度的区别,以及它们与意识状态的假定关系。

本文是主题“离线感知:不匹配外部刺激的自愿和自发的感知体验”的一部分。

更新日期:2020-12-14
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