Abstract Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) has gained attention due to its use as a salinity gradient energy-generating membrane process. This process can convert difference in salinity between two streams into energy as it allows water transport through a semi-permeable membrane against the application of hydraulic pressure. This review provides a comprehensive look at the history and latest developments in preparation of membranes and modules for the PRO process, as well as the various applications of PRO. This review also explored the influence of feed characteristics and pretreatment strategies on water permeation and power generation during PRO operation. The current status and technological advancements of PRO as a process were reviewed, revealing how PRO can be operated as a stand-alone process or in integration with other hybrid processes. Despite the recent advancements in material and process development for PRO, membrane performance, wide-scale implementation, and commercialization efforts still leave much to be desired. Recognizing the current challenges facing the PRO technology, the advancements in PRO membrane and module development, and the various applications of the process, this review also draws out the future direction of PRO research and generation of osmotic salinity gradient energy as a viable energy source.

中文翻译：

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压力延迟渗透产生的盐度梯度能量：综述

摘要 压力延迟渗透 (PRO) 因其用作盐度梯度能量产生膜过程而受到关注。该过程可以将两股水流之间的盐度差异转化为能量，因为它允许水通过半透膜抵抗液压的应用。本综述全面介绍了为 PRO 工艺制备膜和组件的历史和最新发展，以及 PRO 的各种应用。本综述还探讨了进料特性和预处理策略对 PRO 操作期间水渗透和发电的影响。PRO 作为一个过程的当前状态和技术进步进行了审查，揭示了 PRO 如何作为一个独立的过程或与其他混合过程集成运行。尽管最近在 PRO 的材料和工艺开发方面取得了进展，但膜性能、大规模实施和商业化努力仍有很多不足之处。认识到 PRO 技术面临的当前挑战、PRO 膜和模块开发的进步以及该过程的各种应用，本综述还指出了 PRO 研究和生成渗透盐度梯度能量作为可行能源的未来方向。