Digital society has developed to a point where it is nearly impossible for a user to know what it is happening in the background when using the Internet. To understand it, it is necessary to perform network measurements not only at the network layer (e.g., IP, ICMP), but also at the application layer (e.g., HTTP). For example, opening a single website can trigger a cascade of requests to different servers and services to obtain the resources embedded inside it. This process is becoming so complex that, to explore only one website, the number of communications can explode easily from tens to hundreds depending on the website. Inside those communications, there is an ever-increasing portion dedicated to web tracking, a controversial practice from the security and privacy perspective [1].

中文翻译：

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用于网络跟踪分析和检测的网络测量：教程

数字社会已经发展到用户在使用互联网时几乎不可能知道后台发生了什么的地步。要理解它，不仅需要在网络层（如IP、ICMP）进行网络测量，还要在应用层（如HTTP）进行网络测量。例如，打开单个网站可以触发对不同服务器和服务的级联请求，以获取嵌入其中的资源。这个过程变得如此复杂，以至于仅浏览一个网站，根据网站的不同，通信数量很容易从数十个激增到数百个。在这些通信中，有越来越多的部分专门用于网络跟踪，从安全和隐私的角度来看，这是一种有争议的做法 [1]。