Studies of lunar paleopoles have been used to make a variety of inferences about past episodes of true polar wander and the orientation of the ancient dynamo field. However, the large and variable uncertainties commonly reported for such studies make robust conclusions difficult. To make further progress, we used synthetic magnetic anomalies to assess a common method to estimate magnetization direction uncertainty. We find that with this method, magnetic anomalies with higher inclinations have systematically higher uncertainties than lower inclination anomalies. We call this effect inclination bias. A similar effect is found for declination, but it is weaker. We also find that this method often produces overly conservative uncertainty estimates. To avoid these effects, we use Monte Carlo methods to determine magnetization direction uncertainty. We apply our methods to five lunar magnetic anomalies with a wide range of reported magnetization directions and paleopole locations. We find that inclination bias partly explains the previously reported anomalously high and low direction uncertainties for two of these anomalies: Reiner Gamma and Airy. Our more robust uncertainties allow us to conclude that four paleopoles are located near the equator. Such low latitudes cannot be explained by true polar wander inferred from other independent datasets, such as the lunar gravity field and the polar hydrogen distribution. This in turn implies that the dynamo axis was once offset from the spin axis.

中文翻译：

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地磁磁化高精度反演的近赤道月球偶极子证据

对月球古极的研究已被用于对过去的真实极地漂移事件和古代发电机场的方向做出各种推断。但是，此类研究通常报告的不确定性较大且可变，因此很难得出可靠的结论。为了取得进一步的进展，我们使用了合成磁异常来评估估算磁化方向不确定性的通用方法。我们发现，使用这种方法，具有较高倾斜度的磁异常比具有较低倾斜度的磁异常具有系统地更高的不确定性。我们称这种效应为倾向偏差。对于磁偏角也发现了类似的效果，但效果较弱。我们还发现，这种方法通常会产生过于保守的不确定性估计。为了避免这些影响，我们使用蒙特卡洛方法确定磁化方向的不确定性。我们将我们的方法应用于五个月球磁异常，这些磁异常具有广泛的磁化方向和古极位置。我们发现，倾斜偏差部分解释了先前报道的其中两个异常：Reiner Gamma和Airy的异常高低方向不确定性。我们更强大的不确定性使我们可以得出结论，四个古极位于赤道附近。从其他独立的数据集（例如月球重力场和极地氢分布）推断出的真实极地漂移无法解释如此低的纬度。这又意味着发电机轴曾经从旋转轴偏移。我们发现，倾斜偏差可以部分解释先前报告的以下异常中的两个异常：Reiner Gamma和Airy。我们更强大的不确定性使我们可以得出结论，四个古极位于赤道附近。从其他独立的数据集（例如月球重力场和极地氢分布）推断出的真正极地漂移无法解释如此低的纬度。这又意味着发电机轴曾经从旋转轴偏移。我们发现，倾斜偏差可以部分解释先前报告的以下异常中的两个异常：Reiner Gamma和Airy。我们更强大的不确定性使我们可以得出结论，四个古极位于赤道附近。从其他独立的数据集（例如月球重力场和极地氢分布）推断出的真正极地漂移无法解释如此低的纬度。这又意味着发电机轴曾经从旋转轴偏移。例如月球重力场和极性氢分布。这又意味着发电机轴曾经从旋转轴偏移。例如月球重力场和极性氢分布。这又意味着发电机轴曾经从旋转轴偏移。