Infants from low‐socioeconomic status (SES) households hear a projected 30 million fewer words than their higher‐SES peers. In a recent study, Hirsh‐Pasek et al. (Psychological Science, 2015; 26: 1071) found that in a low‐income sample, fluency and connectedness in exchanges between caregivers and toddlers predicted child language a year later over and above quantity of talk (Hirsh‐Pasek et al., Psychological Science, 2015; 26: 1071). Here, we expand upon this study by examining fluency and connectedness in two higher‐SES samples. Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we sampled 20 toddlers who had low, average, and high language outcomes at 36 months from each of 2 groups based on income‐to‐needs ratio (INR; middle and high) and applied new coding to the mother–toddler interaction at 24 months. In the high‐INR group, the quality of mother–toddler interaction at 24 months accounted for more variability in language outcomes a year later than did quantity of talk, quality of talk, or sensitive parenting. These results could not be accounted for by child language ability at 24 months. These effects were not found in the middle‐INR sample. Our findings suggest that when the quality of interaction, fluency and connectedness, predicts language outcomes, it is a robust relation, but it may not be universal.

中文翻译：

---

言外之意：沟通的数量和质量对跨社会经济阶层的语言成功的贡献

来自低社会经济地位 (SES) 家庭的婴儿比高社会经济地位 (SES) 家庭的婴儿听到的单词预计少 3000 万个。在最近的一项研究中，Hirsh-Pasek 等人。( Psychological Science , 2015; 26: 1071) 发现，在低收入样本中，看护者和幼儿之间交流的流畅性和连通性可以预测一年后的儿童语言，而不是谈话的数量（Hirsh-Pasek 等，Psychological Science , 2015; 26: 1071)。在这里，我们通过检查流畅性和连通性来扩展这项研究在两个更高 SES 的样本中。使用 NICHD 早期儿童保育和青年发展研究的数据，我们根据收入与需求比率（INR；中等和高) 并在 24 个月大时将新编码应用于母婴互动。在高 INR 组中，与谈话的数量、谈话的质量或敏感的养育方式相比，24 个月时母婴互动的质量对语言结果的影响更大。这些结果不能用 24 个月大时儿童的语言能力来解释。在中间 INR 样品中未发现这些影响。我们的研究结果表明，当交互质量、流畅性和连通性, 预测语言结果，这是一个稳健的关系，但它可能不具有普遍性。