Mineralized polymer scaffolds have proven to be effective biomaterials for inducing osteoinductivity in bone tissue engineering. Sequential mineralization is a promising technique for depositing minerals in three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Paper, which is made of cellulose fibers, can be used as a tissue scaffold due to its highly porous structure and flexibility, as well as its excellent ability to wick fluids and support the growth of bone cells. In this study, paper‐based, mineralized scaffolds were fabricated using sequential mineralization. We conducted experiments with two groups of scaffolds based on different incubation times in the mineralization solutions (30 min and 24 h). Ten cycles of mineralization were performed for each group. We found that the mineral content increased as the cycle number increased and that the 24‐h group scaffolds consistently had more mineralization than did the 30‐min group scaffolds when measured at the same cycle number. A quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was performed for two osteogenic differentiation markers of the preosteoblasts that were grown on the mineralized paper scaffolds. The gene expression results for bone‐specific markers revealed that the mineralized scaffolds were osteoinductive. Subcutaneous implantation of the scaffolds in rats demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, high vascularization, and non‐immunogenicity in vivo. The overall results suggest that the sequentially mineralized paper scaffolds are promising materials for use in bone tissue engineering.

中文翻译：

---

用于骨组织工程的矿化纸支架

矿化聚合物支架已被证明是在骨组织工程中诱导骨诱导的有效生物材料。序贯矿化是一种在三维（3D）支架中沉积矿物的有前途的技术。由纤维素纤维制成的纸由于其高度多孔的结构和柔韧性，以及其出色的吸液能力和支持骨细胞生长的能力，可用作组织支架。在这项研究中，使用顺序矿化制造了纸基矿化支架。我们根据矿化溶液中的不同孵育时间（30 分钟和 24 小时）对两组支架进行了实验。每组进行十次矿化循环。我们发现矿物质含量随着循环次数的增加而增加，并且在相同的循环次数下测量时，24 小时组支架始终比 30 分钟组支架具有更多的矿化。对生长在矿化纸支架上的前成骨细胞的两个成骨分化标志物进行了定量逆转录聚合酶链反应。骨特异性标志物的基因表达结果表明，矿化支架具有骨诱导作用。大鼠皮下植入支架在体内表现出良好的生物相容性、高血管化和非免疫原性。总体结果表明，顺序矿化的纸支架是用于骨组织工程的有前途的材料。