Therapeutic targeting of the immune system, including chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy, immune checkpoint blockade therapy, neoantigen vaccines, and small molecule modulators emerges as one of the most effective therapeutic modalities for treating various cancers in human patients. However, clinical efficacies of these immunotherapeutics are generally modest and only a minority of cancer patients benefit from immunotherapy. Further, broad adverse effects, lack of reliable biomarkers, tumour relapses, drug resistance, and metastasis have become increasingly recognized concerns, which may restrain their clinical utility. Unlike most other anticancer strategies, nanomaterial-based therapeutics parade unique and distinct biological features to achieve precision targeting, local drug release, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. As long-term and sustained release of immunotherapeutics are necessary for enhancing anticancer immunity, nanotechnology ensures accumulation of immunotherapuetics, controlled release, and precision delivery of immune drugs. Combination of these two therapeutic modalities would provide synergistic efficacy for effectively treating various cancers in human patients. To the best of our knowledge, the concept of combination therapy employing nanomaterials and immunotherapy has been overlooked. In this article, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying nano-immunotherapy and unique opportunities of nanotechnology in synergizing cancer treatment.

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纳米免疫治疗：纳米材料协同癌症免疫治疗的独特机制

以免疫系统为靶点的治疗，包括嵌合抗原受体 T 细胞疗法、免疫检查点阻断疗法、新抗原疫苗和小分子调节剂，已成为治疗人类患者各种癌症的最有效的治疗方式之一。然而，这些免疫疗法的临床疗效通常不大，只有少数癌症患者从免疫疗法中受益。此外，广泛的不良反应、缺乏可靠的生物标志物、肿瘤复发、耐药性和转移已成为越来越多的人们所关注的问题，这可能会限制其临床应用。与大多数其他抗癌策略不同，基于纳米材料的疗法具有独特且独特的生物学特性，可实现精确靶向、局部药物释放和增强治疗效果。由于免疫治疗药物的长期持续释放是增强抗癌免疫力所必需的，纳米技术确保了免疫治疗药物的积累、控释和精准递送。这两种治疗方式的结合将为有效治疗人类患者的各种癌症提供协同功效。据我们所知，采用纳米材料和免疫疗法的联合疗法的概念一直被忽视。在本文中，我们讨论了纳米免疫疗法的可能机制以及纳米技术在协同癌症治疗中的独特机会。