Background

Indoor pollution is a real threat to human health all over the world. Indoor pollution derives from indoor sources (e.g. smoking, gas stoves, coated furniture) as well as from outdoor sources (e.g. industries, vehicles). Long-term monitoring measurements in indoor environments are missing to a large extent due to a lack of simple to operate measuring devices. Mosses proved well as biomonitors in hundreds of studies. Nevertheless, indoor use has been extremely scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to determine indoor and outdoor pollution by active biomonitoring using moss as well as NO₂ samplers to analyse outdoor and indoor levels of pollution. We exposed moss (Pleurozium schreberi) for 8 weeks indoors and outdoors in 20 households in the city of Girona, Spain. Al, Cr, Cu, Zn, Sn, Cd, Pb, Mo, and Sb were analysed by moss-samplers. Additionally, NO₂ was measured with Palmes diffusion tubes.

Results

Compared to the pre-exposure analysis, concentrations of almost all elements both on indoor and outdoor mosses increased. Except for Cd, all metals and NO₂ had, on average, higher concentrations in outdoor mosses than at corresponding indoor sites. However, some 20% of the samples showed inverse patterns, thus, indicating both indoor and outdoor sources. Indoor/outdoor correlations of elements were not significant, but highest for markers of traffic-related pollution, such as Sn, Sb, and NO₂. The wide range of indoor–outdoor ratios of NO₂ exemplified the relevance of indoor sources such as smoking or gas cooking. Though mostly excluded in this study, a few sites had these sources present.

Conclusions

The study at hand showed that moss exposed at indoor sites could be a promising tool for long-time biomonitoring. However, it had also identified some drawbacks that should be considered in future indoor studies. Increments of pollutants were sometimes really low compared to the initial concentration and therefore not detectable. This fact hampers the investigation of elements with low basic element levels as, e.g. Pt. Therefore, moss with real low basic levels is needed for active monitoring, especially for future studies in indoor monitoring. Cloned material could be a proper material for indoor monitoring yet never was tested for this purpose.

中文翻译：

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通过苔藓和棕榈扩散管的主动监测对室内的重金属和NO 2进行监测

背景

室内污染是对全世界人类健康的真正威胁。室内污染源于室内污染源（例如吸烟，煤气灶，涂层家具）以及室外污染源（例如工业，车辆）。由于缺乏易于操作的测量设备，因此在很大程度上缺乏室内环境中的长期监视测量。苔藓在数百项研究中被证明是生物监控者。然而，室内使用极为稀少。因此，本研究旨在通过使用苔藓和NO ₂采样器进行主动生物监测来分析室内和室外污染水平，从而确定室内和室外污染。我们暴露了苔藓（白灵菇））在西班牙赫罗纳市的20个家庭的室内和室外进行了8周。用青苔取样器分析了铝，铬，铜，锌，锡，镉，铅，钼和锑。另外，用Palms扩散管测量NO ₂。

结果

与暴露前的分析相比，室内和室外苔藓上几乎所有元素的浓度都增加了。除镉外，室外苔藓中的所有金属和NO ₂平均浓度均高于相应的室内场所。但是，约有20％的样品显示出相反的图案，因此表明室内和室外光源均如此。室内/室外元素的相关性不显着，但对于与交通有关的污染的标记（例如Sn，Sb和NO _2）最高。室内外NO _2的比例范围很广，证明了室内来源如吸烟或烹饪天然气的重要性。尽管在本研究中大部分被排除在外，但仍有一些站点提供了这些资源。

结论

手头的研究表明，暴露在室内场所的苔藓可能是长期生物监测的有前途的工具。但是，它也确定了一些在将来的室内研究中应考虑的缺点。与初始浓度相比，污染物的增量有时确实很低，因此无法检测到。这一事实妨碍了对基本元素水平较低的元素（例如Pt）的研究。因此，对于主动监测，尤其是对室内监测的未来研究，需要具有真正较低的基本水平的苔藓。克隆的材料可能是用于室内监控的合适材料，但从未为此目的进行过测试。