Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are a new alternative to toxic organic solvents. Their constituents are primary metabolites, non-toxic, biocompatible and sustainable. In this study four selected NADES were applied for the extraction of two medicinal plants: Sideritis scardica, and Plantago major as an alternative to water-alcohol mixtures, and the antimicrobial and genotoxic potential of the extracts were studied. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the extracted total phenolics, and total flavonoids. Best extraction results for total phenolics for the studied plants were obtained with choline chloride-glucose 5:2 plus 30% water; but surprisingly these extracts were inactive against all tested microorganisms. Extracts with citric acid-1,2-propanediol 1:4 and choline chloride-glycerol 1:2 showed good activity against S. pyogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Low genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were observed for all four NADES and the extracts with antimicrobial activity. Our results confirm the potential of NADESs for extraction of bioactive constituents of medicinal plants and further suggest that NADES can improve the effects of bioactive extracts. Further studies are needed to clarify the influence of the studied NADES on the bioactivity of dissolved substances, and the possibility to use such extracts in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

中文翻译：

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具有天然深共晶溶剂的药用植物提取物：增强的抗菌活性和低遗传毒性

天然的深共熔溶剂（NADES）是有毒有机溶剂的新替代品。它们的成分是主要代谢产物，无毒，生物相容且可持续。在这项研究中，四个选定的NADES用于提取两种药用植物：Sideritis scardica和Plantago major，以代替水-醇混合物，并对提取物的抗微生物和遗传毒性潜力进行了研究。通过测量提取的总酚类和总类黄酮来评估提取效率。用氯化胆碱-葡萄糖5：2加30％的水可获得最佳的总酚提取结果。但令人惊讶的是，这些提取物对所有测试微生物均无活性。柠檬酸-1,2-丙二醇1：4和胆碱氯化物-甘油1：2的提取物对S具有良好的活性。化脓，大肠杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌。对于所有四个NADES以及具有抗菌活性的提取物，均观察到了较低的遗传毒性和细胞毒性。我们的结果证实了NADES在提取药用植物生物活性成分方面的潜力，并进一步表明NADES可以改善生物活性提取物的作用。需要进一步的研究以阐明所研究的NADES对溶解物质生物活性的影响，以及在制药和食品工业中使用此类提取物的可能性。我们的结果证实了NADES在提取药用植物生物活性成分方面的潜力，并进一步表明NADES可以改善生物活性提取物的作用。需要进一步的研究以阐明所研究的NADES对溶解物质生物活性的影响，以及在制药和食品工业中使用此类提取物的可能性。我们的结果证实了NADES在提取药用植物生物活性成分方面的潜力，并进一步表明NADES可以改善生物活性提取物的作用。需要进一步的研究以阐明所研究的NADES对溶解物质生物活性的影响，以及在制药和食品工业中使用此类提取物的可能性。