Distributed energy resources (DERs) have been widely involved in the optimal dispatch of distribution systems which benefit from the characteristics of reliability, economy, flexibility, and environmental protection. And distribution systems are gradually transforming from passive networks to active distribution networks. However, it is difficult to manage DERs effectively because of their wide distribution, intermittency, and randomness. Virtual power plants (VPPs) can not only coordinate the contradiction between distribution systems and DERs but also consider the profits of DERs, which can realize the optimal dispatch of distribution systems effectively. In this paper, a bi-level dispatch model based on VPPs is proposed for load peak shaving and valley filling in distribution systems. The VPPs consist of distributed generations, energy storage devices, and demand response resources. The objective of the upper-level model is smoothing load curve, and the objective of the lower-level model is maximizing the profits of VPPs. Meanwhile, we consider the quadratic cost function to quantify the deviation between the actual output and the planned output of DGs. The effectiveness of the bi-level dispatch model in load shifting and valley filling is proved by various scenarios. In addition, the flexibility of the model in participating in distribution system dispatch is also verified.

分布式能源（DER）已广泛参与配电系统的优化调度，这得益于可靠性，经济性，灵活性和环境保护的特点。配电系统正在从无源网络逐步过渡到有源配电网络。但是，由于DER分布广泛，间歇性和随机性，因此很难有效管理DER。虚拟电厂不仅可以协调配电系统与DER之间的矛盾，而且可以考虑DER的利润，从而可以有效地实现配电系统的优化调度。本文提出了一种基于VPPs的两级调度模型，用于配电系统的调峰消谷。VPP由分布式世代组成，能量存储设备和需求响应资源。上层模型的目标是平滑负载曲线，下层模型的目标是最大化VPP的利润。同时，我们考虑二次成本函数来量化DG的实际产出与计划产出之间的偏差。通过各种方案证明了双层调度模型在负荷转移和谷底填充中的有效性。此外，还验证了该模型参与分配系统调度的灵活性。我们考虑二次成本函数来量化DG的实际产出与计划产出之间的偏差。通过各种方案证明了双层调度模型在负荷转移和谷底填充中的有效性。此外，还验证了该模型参与分配系统调度的灵活性。我们考虑二次成本函数来量化DG的实际产出与计划产出之间的偏差。各种场景证明了双层调度模型在负荷转移和谷底填充中的有效性。此外，还验证了该模型参与分配系统调度的灵活性。