Background Depression and anxiety are non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that are often overlooked and underrated. This study aimed to highlight the frequency and risk factors of depression and anxiety among subjects with PD. Methods Sixty-four patients with PD who were diagnosed according to United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society (UKPDS) Brain Bank Criteria and 50 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects are evaluated for depression and anxiety. PD severity and staging were assessed using Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr scale. Depression and anxiety were diagnosed using DSM-IV TR criteria and scored using Hamilton Depression and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scales (HAM-D and HAM-A). The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF was used to assess impact of depression and anxiety on quality of life. Results 31.25% of patients with PD had depression while 40.6% of patients had anxiety disorder. Depression was higher in females and patients with history of depression and low socioeconomic status (SES). Anxiety was common in young patients and those who had history of anxiety. Overlap between depression and anxiety was recorded in 23.4%. Total UPDRS and Hoehn and Yahr scale accounted for 33.4% of variance for depression. Total UPDRS and earlier age of onset accounted for 39% of variance for anxiety. Advanced disease stage and severity were independent predictors for depression while disease severity and younger age of onset were the main predictors for anxiety. Depression and anxiety have a negative impact on the overall quality of life of PD patients especially on physical and psychosocial domains. Conclusion Depression and anxiety are relatively common in PD. Female gender, low SES, and history of depression were the main risk factors for developing depression. Young age and history of anxiety were risk factors for anxiety. Both had negative impact on quality of life.

中文翻译：

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帕金森病患者的抑郁和焦虑：频率、危险因素和对生活质量的影响

背景 抑郁和焦虑是帕金森病 (PD) 的非运动症状，经常被忽视和低估。本研究旨在强调 PD 受试者抑郁和焦虑的频率和危险因素。方法 对 64 名根据英国帕金森病学会 (UKPDS) 脑库标准诊断的 PD 患者和 50 名性别和年龄匹配的健康对照受试者进行抑郁和焦虑评估。使用统一帕金森病评定量表 (UPDRS) 和 Hoehn 和 Yahr 量表评估 PD 严重程度和分期。使用 DSM-IV TR 标准诊断抑郁和焦虑，并使用汉密尔顿抑郁和汉密尔顿焦虑评定量表（HAM-D 和 HAM-A）评分。使用世界卫生组织生活质量 (WHOQOL)-BREF 来评估抑郁和焦虑对生活质量的影响。结果 31.25%的PD患者患有抑郁症，40.6%的患者患有焦虑症。女性和有抑郁病史和社会经济地位 (SES) 低的患者的抑郁程度更高。焦虑在年轻患者和有焦虑史的患者中很常见。抑郁和焦虑之间的重叠率为 23.4%。总 UPDRS 和 Hoehn 和 Yahr 量表占抑郁症方差的 33.4%。总 UPDRS 和较早的发病年龄占焦虑方差的 39%。晚期疾病阶段和严重程度是抑郁症的独立预测因素，而疾病严重程度和发病年龄较小是焦虑的主要预测因素。抑郁和焦虑对 PD 患者的整体生活质量有负面影响，尤其是在身体和社会心理领域。结论抑郁和焦虑在PD患者中较为常见。女性、低社会经济地位和抑郁史是患抑郁症的主要危险因素。年轻和焦虑史是焦虑的危险因素。两者都对生活质量产生负面影响。