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Energetic management in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02935-9
Prince D. Valé , Jean-Claude K. Béné , Antoine K. N’Guessan , Catherine Crockford , Tobias Deschner , Inza Koné , Cédric Girard-Buttoz , Roman M. Wittig

Socioecological theories predict that, in mammals, feeding and mating competitions affect male and female energetic conditions differently but energetic studies investigating both sexes simultaneously are rare. We investigated the effect of socioecological factors on the energetic conditions of male and female western chimpanzees, a long-lived species with high degrees of male-male competition. We used behavioural data collected on one chimpanzee community in the Tai National Park over 12 months, phenological data and urinary c-peptide (UCP) measures, a marker of energy balance. We found a positive effect of food availability on UCP levels in both sexes. Dominance rank also affected chimpanzee UCP levels. High-ranking females had higher UCP levels than low-ranking ones but only in periods when no oestrus females were present in the community. In contrast, high-ranking males had higher UCP levels than low-ranking males in the presence of oestrus females but lower UCP levels in their absence. Our results suggest that oestrus female presence lessened the competitive advantages of high-ranking females in feeding competition and that low-ranking males bore higher energetic costs related to mating competition than high-ranking ones. Yet caution should apply in interpreting these results since the statistical model was only close to significance. High-ranking male and female chimpanzees spent significantly less energy. Furthermore, all chimpanzees significantly spent less time feeding and spent more energy when food availability was high. Finally, our behavioural measure of energy intake and expenditure did not correlate with UCP levels highlighting the value of non-invasive hormonal markers for field studies. General socioecological theories hypothesize that the social grouping dynamic and energetics of females are highly influenced by food competition, whereas in males, competition for sexual partners is more influential for these factors. Recent studies in the non-invasive physiological assessment of energy balance in primates have begun to test the implied relationship between chimpanzee socioecology and individual energetic condition, with inconsistent results. However, only a few studies have investigated this relationship concurrently for both sexes. Here, using non-invasive measures of energy balance in wild western chimpanzees, we found that the energetics of both males and females are related to ecological factors, such as food availability. However, female energy balance appears also to be related to increased male mating competition, as this can result in increased aggression directed from males to females, with apparent energetic costs for females.

中文翻译:

科特迪瓦泰伊国家公园野生黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes verus)的能量管理

社会生态学理论预测,在哺乳动物中,进食和交配竞争对雄性和雌性能量状况的影响不同,但同时调查两性的能量研究很少见。我们调查了社会生态因素对雄性和雌性西部黑猩猩(一种具有高度雄性竞争的长寿物种)能量条件的影响。我们使用了 12 个月内在泰国家公园的一个黑猩猩社区收集的行为数据、物候数据和尿 c 肽 (UCP) 测量值,这是能量平衡的一个标志。我们发现食物供应对两性的 UCP 水平都有积极影响。优势等级也影响黑猩猩 UCP 水平。高级女性比低级女性具有更高的 UCP 水平,但仅在社区中没有发情女性的时期。相比之下,在有发情雌性的情况下,高级雄性的 UCP 水平高于低级雄性,但在没有发情雌性的情况下,UCP 水平较低。我们的结果表明,发情雌性的存在削弱了高级雌性在喂养竞争中的竞争优势,并且低级雄性比高级雌性承担了与交配竞争相关的更高能量成本。然而,在解释这些结果时应谨慎,因为统计模型仅接近显着性。高等级的雄性和雌性黑猩猩消耗的能量要少得多。此外,当食物供应量高时,所有黑猩猩都显着减少进食时间并消耗更多能量。最后,我们对能量摄入和消耗的行为测量与 UCP 水平无关,突出了非侵入性激素标记对现场研究的价值。一般社会生态学理论假设女性的社会分组动态和能量受食物竞争的影响很大,而在男性中,对性伴侣的竞争对这些因素的影响更大。最近对灵长类动物能量平衡的非侵入性生理评估的研究已经开始测试黑猩猩社会生态学与个体能量状况之间的隐含关系,但结果不一致。然而,只有少数研究同时调查了两性的这种关系。在这里,使用非侵入性测量野生西部黑猩猩的能量平衡,我们发现男性和女性的能量与生态因素有关,例如食物供应。然而,雌性能量平衡似乎也与雄性交配竞争增加有关,因为这可能导致雄性对雌性的攻击性增加,而雌性的能量消耗明显。
更新日期:2020-12-09
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