Rhomboencephalitis—inflammation of the brainstem and cerebellum—has myriad clinical presentations including encephalopathy, cranial neuropathies, long tract signs and cerebellar dysfunction and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There are a variety of potential underlying causes that respond variably to treatment, including infections, parainfective syndromes, inflammatory disorders including autoimmune encephalitis and paraneoplastic syndromes. Here, we review its clinical presentation and outline a practical approach to its investigation, aiming to facilitate prompt diagnosis and confirmation of the underlying cause, to start appropriate management early and optimise the clinical outcome.

中文翻译：

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菱形脑炎

菱形脑炎——脑干和小脑的炎症——有无数的临床表现，包括脑病、颅神经病变、长束体征和小脑功能障碍，并且与显着的发病率和死亡率有关。有多种潜在的潜在原因对治疗的反应各不相同，包括感染、副感染综合征、炎症性疾病（包括自身免疫性脑炎和副肿瘤综合征）。在这里，我们回顾其临床表现并概述其调查的实用方法，旨在促进及时诊断和确认根本原因，及早开始适当的管理并优化临床结果。