This is a Review of recent studies on surface structures of crystalline materials in the presence of gases in the mTorr to atmospheric pressure range, which brings surface science into a brand new direction. Surface structure is not only a property of the material but also depends on the environment surrounding it. This Review emphasizes that high/ambient pressure goes hand-in-hand with ambient temperature, because weakly interacting species can be densely covering surfaces at room temperature only when in equilibrium with a sufficiently high gas pressure. At the same time, ambient temperatures help overcome activation barriers that impede diffusion and reactions. Even species with weak binding energy can have residence lifetimes on the surface that allow them to trigger reconstructions of the atomic structure. The consequences of this are far from trivial because under ambient conditions the structure of the surface dynamically adapts to its environment and as a result completely new structures are often formed. This new era of surface science emerged and spread rapidly after the retooling of characterization techniques that happened in the last two decades. This Review is focused on the new surface structures enabled particularly by one of the new tools: high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy. We will cover several important surfaces that have been intensely scrutinized, including transition metals, oxides, and alloys.

中文翻译：

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高压扫描隧道显微镜

这是对在mTorr至大气压范围内存在气体的情况下晶体材料表面结构的最新研究的综述，这使表面科学朝着崭新的方向发展。表面结构不仅是材料的特性，而且还取决于其周围的环境。该评论强调，高/环境压力与环境温度密切相关，因为只有在足够高的气压下达到平衡时，弱相互作用的物种才能在室温下密集地覆盖表面。同时，环境温度有助于克服阻碍扩散和反应的活化障碍。甚至具有弱结合能的物质也可以在表面上具有停留寿命，从而允许它们触发原子结构的重建。这的后果远非无关紧要，因为在环境条件下，表面的结构会动态地适应其环境，因此，通常会形成全新的结构。在近二十年来发生的表征技术改造之后，这个表面科学的新时代出现并迅速传播。这篇评论集中在由新工具之一实现的新表面结构上：高压扫描隧道显微镜。我们将介绍一些经过严格审查的重要表面，包括过渡金属，氧化物和合金。在近二十年来发生的表征技术改造之后，这个表面科学的新时代出现并迅速传播。这篇评论集中在由新工具之一实现的新表面结构上：高压扫描隧道显微镜。我们将介绍一些经过严格审查的重要表面，包括过渡金属，氧化物和合金。在近二十年来发生的表征技术改造之后，这个表面科学的新时代出现并迅速传播。这篇评论集中在由新工具之一实现的新表面结构上：高压扫描隧道显微镜。我们将介绍一些经过严格审查的重要表面，包括过渡金属，氧化物和合金。