Global dynamics affect the sustainability of agricultural landscapes, but these cross-scale connections are understudied. Therefore, we combine food systems and landscape ecology, focusing on food products that provide a linkage between global consumers and landscapes of production (e.g., Douro Valley wine) which we call landscape products. The aim of this study is to characterise Mediterranean landscape products based on experts’ perceptions by analysing their qualities, farming practices, and value chains, and to identify their ecological, cultural, and socio-economic outcomes in the landscapes of production. Experts with specific knowledge on a landscape product were surveyed by email and their answers analysed using descriptive and ordination statistics. Fifty-four landscape products were characterised. Based on the experts’ perceptions, landscape products are high quality products, mainly using traditional knowledge and low intensity farming. They support biocultural diversity in the landscapes of production, but their positive socio-economic outcomes remain limited, with problems of inequity and lack of empowerment among producers and a tendency towards intensification or abandonment of the farming practices. We distinguished three types of products based on their localness and how their qualities were shared with consumers. Local products performed better in the ecological and cultural outcomes and products under certification in the economic. Labelling mechanisms and better organisation of producers could enhance these products and their positive outcomes. Combining landscape ecology and food systems research allowed us better understand the outcomes of landscape products in the landscapes of production and suggest pathways for fostering landscape sustainability.

中文翻译：

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将地中海地区的粮食系统和景观可持续性联系起来

全球动态影响农业景观的可持续性，但这些跨尺度的联系尚未得到充分研究。因此，我们将食物系统和景观生态相结合，专注于提供全球消费者与生产景观（​​例如杜罗河谷葡萄酒）之间联系的食品，我们称之为景观产品。本研究的目的是通过分析地中海景观产品的质量、耕作方式和价值链，根据专家的看法来描述地中海景观产品的特征，并确定它们在生产景观中的生态、文化和社会经济成果。对景观产品具有特定知识的专家通过电子邮件进行调查，并使用描述性和排序统计分析他们的答案。对 54 种景观产品进行了表征。根据专家的看法，景观产品是优质产品，主要利用传统知识和低强度耕作。它们支持生产景观中的生物文化多样性，但其积极的社会经济成果仍然有限，存在生产者之间的不平等和缺乏赋权的问题以及集约化或放弃耕作方式的趋势。我们根据产品的地域性以及与消费者分享其品质的方式区分了三种类型的产品。当地产品在生态和文化成果和经济认证产品方面表现更好。标签机制和更好的生产者组织可以增强这些产品及其积极成果。