The U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) encompasses approximately 3.4 million square nautical miles of ocean and a coastline of over 12,300 miles. Along with the Great Lakes, this vast area generates ~US 370 billion of U.S. gross domestic product, 617 billion in sales and 2.6 million jobs each year. These ocean and coastal ecosystems also provide many important non-market services including subsistence food provisioning, health benefits, shoreline protection, climate regulation, conservation of marine biodiversity, and preservation of cultural heritage. As climatic changes occur, these benefits or ecosystem services may be significantly reduced or in some cases enhanced. These services are also under an array of pressures including over-exploitation of natural resources, pollution, and land use changes that occur simultaneously in synergistic, multiplicative, or antagonistic ways. This results in direct and indirect impacts that are often unpredictable across spatial and temporal scales. Here, we discuss a set of indicators designed in close collaboration with the U.S. National Climate Indicators System. Tracking the impacts via indicators will be essential to ensure long-term health of the marine environment and sustain the benefits to stakeholders who depend on marine ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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海洋和沿海指标：了解和应对陆海交界处的气候变化

美国专属经济区 (EEZ) 包括大约 340 万平方海里的海洋和超过 12,300 英里的海岸线。与五大湖一起，这个广阔的地区每年产生约 3700 亿美元的美国国内生产总值、6170 亿美元的销售额和 260 万个工作岗位。这些海洋和沿海生态系统还提供许多重要的非市场服务，包括自给食品供应、健康福利、海岸线保护、气候调节、海洋生物多样性保护和文化遗产保护。随着气候变化的发生，这些收益或生态系统服务可能会显着减少或在某些情况下会增强。这些服务还面临着一系列压力，包括过度开发自然资源、污染和土地利用变化，它们同时协同发生，乘法或对抗方式。这会导致在空间和时间尺度上通常无法预测的直接和间接影响。在这里，我们将讨论与美国国家气候指标系统密切合作设计的一组指标。通过指标跟踪影响对于确保海洋环境的长期健康和维持依赖海洋生态系统服务的利益相关者的利益至关重要。