Designing water-stable and sustainable adsorbents for wastewater management has gained significant importance nowadays. This paper reports coprecipitation-induced rapid synthesis of a highly porous ternary metal oxide (TMO), its characterization, and efficient removal of malachite green (MG) from simulated water by a batch method. The material was characterized by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, point of zero charge (pH_zpc), and chemical analysis. With a high surface area of 185.04 m²/g, TMO offers an excellent adsorption capacity of 133 mg/g under optimized conditions. pH-dependent adsorption was seen, and maximum adsorption was attained at the neutral condition, i.e., pH 7. Intraparticle diffusion (R² = 0.998) and a combined Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model (R² = 0.987–0.998) best describe the adsorption pathway, suggesting that the process undergoes diffusive mass transfer and multilayer adsorption. The adsorption mechanism is proposed to be a combination of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Thermodynamic parameters suggest a spontaneous (ΔG, −3.335 kJ/mol), feasible, and exothermic (ΔH, −8.436 kJ/mol) process. The low activation energy (3.459 kJ/mol) suggests a physisorption process. The material can be regenerated up to 83% by 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and reused for up to four cycles without significant loss of activity.

中文翻译：

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高度多孔的铁-锆-锌三元金属氧化物支架：孔雀石绿的简便合成和有效去除

如今，设计用于废水管理的水稳定性和可持续性吸附剂已变得越来越重要。本文报道了共沉淀诱导的高孔隙度三元金属氧化物（TMO）的快速合成，其表征以及通过分批方法从模拟水中有效去除孔雀石绿（MG）的过程。该材料的特征在于Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）表面积，扫描电子显微镜（SEM），粉末X射线衍射（XRD），傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱，零电荷点（pH _zpc），和化学分析。具有185.04 m ²的高表面积/ g，在优化条件下，TMO具有133 mg / g的出色吸附能力。观察到pH依赖的吸附，并且在中性条件下，即pH 7，达到最大吸附。颗粒内扩散（R ² = 0.998）以及Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型（R ² = 0.987-0.998）最能描述吸附途径，表明该过程经历了扩散传质和多层吸附。提出的吸附机理是静电相互作用和氢键结合的结果。热力学参数表明是自发的（ΔG，-3.335 kJ / mol），可行，放热的（ΔH，-8.436 kJ / mol）过程。低活化能（3.459 kJ / mol）表明存在物理吸附过程。该材料可通过0.1 M盐酸再生高达83％，并重复使用多达四个循环，而活性没有明显降低。