Microbes can influence host physiology and behavior in many ways. Here we review evidence suggesting that some microbes can contribute to host stress (and other microbes can contribute to increased resilience to stress). We explain how certain microbes, which we call “stress microbes,” can potentially benefit evolutionarily from inducing stress in a host, gaining access to host resources that can help fuel rapid microbial replication by increasing glucose levels in the blood, increasing intestinal permeability, and suppressing the immune system. Other microbes, which we term “resilience microbes,” can potentially benefit from making hosts more resilient to stress. We hypothesize that “stress microbes” use a fast life history strategy involving greater host exploitation while “resilience microbes” use a slow life history strategy characterized by more aligned evolutionary interests with the host. In this paper, we review the evidence that microbes affect host stress and explain the evolutionary pressures that could lead microbes to manipulate host stress, discuss the physiological mechanisms that are known to be involved in both stress and microbial activity, and provide some testable predictions that follow from this hypothesis.

中文翻译：

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某些微生物能否促进宿主压力并从这种策略中进化受益？

微生物可以通过多种方式影响宿主生理和行为。在这里，我们回顾了表明某些微生物可能导致宿主压力的证据（而其他微生物可能有助于增强对压力的抵抗力）。我们解释了某些微生物（我们称之为“压力微生物”）如何可能通过在宿主中诱导压力而在进化上受益，获得宿主资源，从而通过增加血液中的葡萄糖水平、增加肠道通透性来帮助促进微生物的快速复制，以及抑制免疫系统。其他微生物，我们称之为“弹性微生物”，可能会受益于使宿主对压力更具弹性。我们假设“压力微生物”使用涉及更大宿主开发的快速生活史策略，而“复原力微生物”使用慢速生活史策略，其特征是与宿主的进化兴趣更加一致。在本文中，我们回顾了微生物影响宿主压力的证据并解释了可能导致微生物操纵宿主压力的进化压力，讨论已知参与压力和微生物活动的生理机制，并提供一些可测试的预测从这个假设出发。